• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.562-568
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• 1998

Rice (Dongjin-byeo) added with black rices (Chindo and Suwon-415) was cooked and the changes of texture and color of this cooked rice were investigated by texture analyser and color & color difference meter. The hydration time to come to the equilibrium condition was at least 11 hr in black rices. The optimum ratio of water to cooked rice added with black rice was 1.6 (ratio of water to rice) and the hardness of cooked rice added with 5% Chindo black rice was $5.66\;kg_f$. Regardless of ratio of water to rice, Hunter a value increased as the ratio of black rice addition to rice increased, while L value decreased. The color elution rate of Suwon 415 was 4 times greater than that of Chindo black rice. The pH of the steep water of Suwon 415 at $20^{\circ}C$ during 120 min decreased from pH 6.40 to pH 6.16 as the steeping time increased. The optimum heating time by microwave oven of cooked rice added with black rice was between $90{\sim}120\;sec$ to recover the original texture after cold storage treatment of 7 days.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2010

This study evaluated the energy efficiency of a windows system using built-in blinds, with regard to their insulation performance and their blocking of solar radiation. The study took advantage of the "Physibel Voltra" program as a physical simulation of heat transfer. To simulate the "Physibel Voltra" program, I practiced a mock-up test to determine heating quality and translation condition. I analyzed the propensity to annual energy consumption, the annual quantity of heat transfer, and the annual cooling and heating cost through a computer simulation for one general household in an apartment building. In the test, it was found that compared to a general windows system, a windows system with built-in blinds reduced the annual heat transfer by 10% in cooling states and by 11% in heating states when the blind was up. When the blind was down, the windows system with built-in blinds reduced the annual heat transfer by 25% in cooling states and 30% in heating states. When a windows system with built-in blinds is compared with a general windows system, the quantity of cooling and heating loads is reduced by 283.3kw in cooling states and 76.3kw in heating states. This leads to a reduction in the required cooling and heating energy of 359.6kw per house. It is thus judged that the use of a windows system with built-in blinds is advantageous in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, because the annual TOE (tons of oil equivalent) per house is reduced by 0.078TOE, while $tCO_2$ is reduced by $0.16tCO_2$. In addition, compared with a general windows system, the cost of cooling and heating loads in the system reduces the annual cooling cost by 100,000won, and the annual heating cost by 50,000won. Ultimately, this means that cooling and heating loads are cut by 150,000won per year.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2003

The sorption experiment of cobalt was performed after the TRIGA soil was intentionally contaminated with cobalt was found that the sorption equilibrium coeficiency of soil decontamination was high when the ratio of soil mass to the volume of citric acid becomes 1:5 The TRIGA soil contaminated with 0.01 M, 0.001 M, and 0.0001 M of cobalt solution were decontaiminated with 0.01 M citric acid. The cobalt concentrtion in the wastewater were measured to be correspondingly 36.0, 14.0, 1.5 ppm. The results of wastewater recycling experiment by chemical precipitation method revealed that corresponding cobalt removal efficiency were 97% 88%. It was shown that the removal efficiency decreases as the cobalt concentration in the wastewater decreases. During the decontamination experiment, a lot of NaOH had to be added, and the volume of final solid waste reached almost 10% of that of the contaminated soil. The result of wastewater recyling experiment by ion exchange resin meted rethod revealed that to more the strong acid resins are used, the higher the cobalt removal efficiency becomes and the cobalt removal efficiency becomes and the lower the pH of recycling wastewater become. In order to obtain more than 95% removal efficiency, more than 0.625 g of strong acid resin was necessary in each of 3 experiments. There was an unexpected problem that a lot of strong acid resin waste was produced which amounts to 9.2% (volume) of the contaminated soil.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.13-44
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• 1982

1. Since long time ago, it has been talked about that soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects such as checking, cupping and bow due to the undue-shrinking and swelling. There are, however, no any actual data providing this fact definitly, although there are some guesses that water soluble extractives might effect on this problem. On the other hand, this is a few work which has been done about the effect of water soluble extractives upon the some physical properties of wood and that it might be related to the above mentioned problem. If man does account for that whether soaking wood into water for a long time would be profitable for the decreasing of defects due to the undue-shrinking and swelling in comparison with unsoaking wood or not, it may bring a great contribution on the reasonable uses of wood. To account for the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, this study has been made at the wood technology laboratory, School of Forestry, Yale university, under competent guidance of Dr. F. F. Wangaard, with the following three different species which had been provided at the same laboratory. 1. Pinus strobus 2. Quercus borealis 3. Hymenaea courbaril 2. The physical properties investigated in this study are as follows. a. Equilibrium moisture content at different relative humidity conditions. b. Shrinkage value from gre condition to different relative humidity conditions and oven dry condition. c. Swelling value from oven dry condition to different relative humidity conditions. d. Specific gravity 3. In order to investigate the effect of water soluble extractives upon physical properties of wood, the experiment has been carried out with two differently treated specimens, that is, one has been treated into water and the other into sugar solution, and with controlled specimens. 4. The quantity of water soluble extractives of each species and the group of chemical compounds in the extracted liquid from each species have shown in Table 36. Between species, there is some difference in quantity of extractives and group of chemical compounds. 5. In the case of equilibrium moisture contents at different relative humidity condition, (a) Except the desorption case at 80% R. H. C. (Relative Humidity Condition), there is a definite line between untreated specimens and treated specimens that is, untreated specimens hold water more than treated specimens at the same R.H.C. (b) The specimens treated into sugar solution have shown almost the same tendency in results compared with the untreated specimens. (c) Between species, there is no any definite relation in equilibrium moisture content each other, however E. M. C. in heartwood of pine is lesser than in sapwood. This might cause from the difference of wood anatomical structure. 6. In the case of shrinkage, (a) The shrinkage value of the treated specimen into water is more than that of the untreated specimens, except anyone case of heartwood of pine at 80% R. H. C. (b) The shrinkage value of treated specimens in the sugar solution is less than that of the others and has almost the same tendency to the untreated specimens. It would mean that the penetration of some sugar into the wood can decrease the shrinkage value of wood. (c) Between species, the shrinkage value of heartwood of pine is less than sapwood of the same, shrinkage value of oak is the largest, Hymenaea is lesser than oak and more than pine. (d) Directional difference of shrinkage value through all species can also see as other all kind of species previously tested. (e) There is a definite relation in between the difference of shrinkage value of treated and untreated specimens and amount of extractives, that is, increasing extractives gives increasing the difference of shrinkage value between treated and untreated specimens. 7. In the case of swelling, (a) The swelling value of treated specimens is greater than that of the untreated specimens through all cases. (b) In comparison with the tangential direction and radial direction, the swelling value of tangential direction is larger than that of radial direction in the same species. (c) Between species, the largest one in swelling values is oak and the smallest pine heartwood, there are also a tendency that species which shrink more swell also more and, on the contrary, species which shrink lesser swell also lesser than the others. 8. In the case of specific gravity, (a) The specific gravity of the treated specimens is larger than that of untreated specimens. This reversed value between treated and untreated specimens has been resulted from the volume of specimen of oven dry condition. (b) Between species, there are differences, that is, the specific gravity of Hymenaea is the largest one and the sapwood of pine is the smallest. 9. Through this investigation, it has been concluded that soaking wood into plain water before use without any special consideration may bring more hastful results than unsoaking for use of wood. However soaking wood into the some specially provided solutions such as salt water or inorganic matter may be dissolved in it, can be profitable for the decreasing shrinkage and swelling, checking, shaking and bow etc. if soaking wood into plain water might bring the decreasing defects, it might come from even shrinking and swelling through all dimension.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to evaluate the leaching characteristics of lead, copper, cadmium, and mercury from steel making slag by seawater. To demonstrate the leaching characteristics of heavy metals from steel making slag by seawater, it was carried to various leaching tests such as regular leaching tests, liquid/sold(LS) leaching test and pH static test. From the leachability of $Pb^{+2},\;Cu^{+2},\;and\;Cd^{+2}$ from steel making slag in pH static test, it is distinguished between distilled water and seawater. With distilled water, it is very low between pH 7-8 and pH 11-12. On the other hands, with the seawater, its leaching is higher than that of distilled water. In particular, concentration of $Hg^{+2}$ leached from slag by seawater is lower than that of distilled water. Meanwhile, we found that the heavy metals from steel making slag would be dissolved and precipitated using geochemcial equilibrium program such as visual minteq. Lead and copper leached from steel making slag with seawater were dissolved nearly in the range of pH 11-12, but in the range of pH 7-10 those were precipitated about 90%. And cadmium leached from steel making slag with seawater were dissolved completely. On pH static test with distilled water, lead leached from steel making slag seemed to be similar to pH static test with seawater. However, copper and cadmium leached from steel making slag were dissolved. In general, the species of lead leached from steel making slag were formed mainly of $PbCl^+,\;PbSO_4$, the species of copper were formed mainly of $CuSO_4,\;CuCO_3$, the species of cadmium were formed mainly of $CdCl^+,\;CdSO_4$ due to being sorbed with the anions($Cl^-,\;CO_3^{-2},\;SO_4^{-2}$) of the seawater. Both pH static test with seawater and distilled water, it is not in the case of the mercury. Most of mercury leached from steel making slag was precipitated(SI=0). Because the decreasing of $Hg^{+2}$ concentrations depends ferociously on the variation of chloride($Cl^-$) existed in the seawater. $Hg^{+2}$ leached from steel making slag could be sorbed strongly with chloride($Cl^-$) compared of carbonate($CO_3^{-2}$) and sulfate($SO_4^{-2}$) in the seawater. On the basis of that result, we found that the species of mercury was formed of calomel($Hg_2Cl_2$) as one of finite solid. Due to forming a calomel($Hg_2Cl_2$) in the seawater, the stability of mercury species by steel making slag should be higher than those of lead, copper, and cadmium species. Regarding the results stated above, we postulated that the steel making slag could be recycled to sea aggregates due to being distinguishing leachability of heavy metals($Pb^{+2},\;Cu^{+2},\;Cd^{+2},\;and\;Hg^{+2}$) between leaching tests by distilled water and seawater.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.135-151
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• 1977

The present paper summerizes the studies on clay mineralogical characteristics of Korean soil, relationship between potassium and clay minerals, potassium release pattern of clay minerals and utilization of clay minerals for soil conditioner and fertilizers, which have been carried out in this laboratory. 1. The red yellow podzolic soil is mostly abundant in the upland of Korea and mainly consists of halloysite and weathered intermediates of mica such as illite and vermiculite. 2. With regard to soil parent material, kaolin mineral occurs abundant in soils derived from granite and granite gneiss. Mica is dominant in basaltic soil. The main clay mineral of the soil, originated from the Tertiary, is found montmorillonite and the volcanic soil of Jeju Island has plenty of allophane as its main clay mineral. 3. It is confirmed that the soil fertility depends on the composition of clay minerals. The red yellow podzolic soil, containing lot of kaolin, shows low productivity while the montmorillonite soil has higher productivity. 4. The release rate of solid phase potassium (micas and fixed potassium) follows the 1st order reaction equation in the equilibrium solution of $IN-NH_4OAc$. The potassium release constant is positively correlated with the mica content of the clay but negatively correlated with the content of $14.5{\AA}$ minerals. On the other hand, the potassium release constant has very high correlation with the ratio(Kex/Kt) of exchangeable potassium(Kex) to total potassium(Kt). 5. It is also found that Kex/Kt has rather high correlation with the content of mica and $14.5{\AA}$ minerals existed in the clay as well as the mica content of the soil.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 1975

The present study was performed histologically and histochemically to observe the cutaneous mucous glands in the frog, Rana nigromaculata during metamorphosis. The cutaneous thssues including dermal plicae in the dorsal portions of the frog tadpoles at each metamorphosis stage were fixed in 10% buffered formalin at$4^{\circ}C$, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned 4 $\mu$m thickness and stained with periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) and alcian blue (AB) at both pH 2.5 and pH 1.0. The results of observation were as follows: 1. The developments of cutaneous mucous glands of the frog tadpole were begun with appearance of gland cell nest in the dermis at metamorphosis XV stage and significant numerical increases could be seen at metamorphosis XX, XXIII and XXIV stages. 2. This cutaneous mucous gland of the frog tadpole could be divided into two types; A-type glands showed strong positivities to both PAS and AB at pH 2.5 in the gland body cells and to PAS in the gland neck cells, and B-type glands at AB pH 2.5 in the gland body cells. 3. In the A-type mucous glands, the reactivities of the glandular epithelial cells to both PAS and AB stain could be first seen at the metamorphosis XIX stage of frog tadpole. The reactivities of the glandular epithelial cells to both PAS and AB pH 2.5 were gradually increased according to the process of metamorphosis after XX stage of metamorphosis. 4. The B-type mucous glands were first seen at the XX stage and the reactivity of the glandular epithelial cells to AB at pH 2.5 was gradually increased according to the process of metamorphosis after XX stage. 5. The A-type and the B-type mucous glands were in the ratio of 99 : 1, 7 : 3 and 5.5 : 4.5 for each of metamorphosis XX, XXI-XXII and XXIII-XXV stages. 6. The remarkable development of the cutaneous mucous glands of the frog tadpoles might be needed to maintain water and electrolyte balances according to the change of way from aquatic life to amphibious.