• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.90-98
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• 1998

The vaporization process of liquid oxygen(LOX) at high pressure environment is numerically investigated. The present vaporization model can account for the high-pressure effects such as ambient gas solubility, real gas behavior and variable properties. The predicted phase-equilibrium compositions for $N_2$/$H_2$ and $O_2$/He system are well agreed with experimental data. The LOX vaporization characteristics is parametrically studied for wide range of the operating conditions encountered in the high-pressure combustion process of liquid rocket engine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2024

In this study, experiments were conducted to visualize and analyze the dynamic characteristics of splash and residual liquid film formation during and after the injection of water droplets onto vertically situated solid substrates with varying surface wettability, elasticity, and microtexture. As wettability decreased (higher contact angle), more splash droplets formed, and the residual liquid film decreased. Low contact angles resulted in thin residual films and less splash. Surface elasticity absorbed the impact forces of droplets, thereby decreasing splash phenomena and significantly reducing the formation of residual liquid films due to surface vibration. Surfaces with microtextures demonstrated control over droplet splash direction, guiding the liquid along desired pathways. High-speed imaging provided detailed insights, showing that surface properties critically influence splash dynamics and residual liquid film formation.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.149-153
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• 2018

The present study investigates the heat transfer characteristics of droplet growth during dropwise condensation on the hydrophobic copper surface. We use the copper specimen coated by the self-assembled layer and conduct the real-time measurement of droplet size and spatial distribution of condensates during condensation with the use of the K2 lens (long distance microscope lens) and CMOS camera. The temperatures are measured by three RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) that are located through the holes made in the specimen. The surface temperature is estimated by the measured temperatures with the use of the one-dimensional conduction equation. It is observed that the droplets on the surface are growing up and merging, causing larger droplets. The experimental results show that there are three distinct regimes; in the first regime, individual small droplets are created on the surface in the early stage of condensation, and they are getting larger owing to direct condensation and coalescence with other droplets. In the second and third regimes, the coalescence occurs mainly, and the droplets are detached from the surface. Also, the fall-off time becomes faster as the surface wettability decreases. In particular, the heat transfer coefficient increases substantially with the decrease in wettability because of faster removal of droplets on the surfaces for lower wettability.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.799-804
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• 2007

The behavior of spray emanating from an injector to be employed in a liquid-propellant thrust chamber is investigated by optical measurement techniques. The injector has eight holes, each of which has 30 cant angle from the center-axis with the diameter of 0.406 mm. In order to examine an atomization process according to the spray-generation conditions and the evolution along spray downstream, variational features in the velocity and size of droplets obtained through Dual-mode Phase Doppler An 799emometry (DPDA) are delineated and discussed together with instantaneous plane images captured by using Nd:Yag laser sheet beam. A categorization of spray-flow regime representing the atomization and turbulent nature is made through evaluating the non-dimensional parameters, i.e., Reynolds number and Weber number based upon the theoretical injection velocity. These qualitative and quantitative data of spray breakup will be a firm basis for the design of brand-new thruster

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2000

This paper presents a study of the solder bumping process. The theoretical model, based on the variational principle instead of solving the Navier-Stokes equation with moving boundaries, was developed to considered the energy dissipation in semi-solid phase and the approximate solidification time of the molten metal droplet. The simulation results revealed that the developed model could reasonably describe the collision behavior of molten metal with solid surface. Simulations were made with variation of initial droplet temperature, substrate metal and initial substrate temerature.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.74-79
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• 2017

The fire extinguishing performance of hybrid nozzle systems is improved by injecting an extinguishing agent concentrically into the target site and, in this study, water mist is used as a water curtain to confine the droplets of the agent. In this study, we numerically investigated the effect of the foundation angle and injection pressure on the performance of a hybrid nozzle by evaluating the mean radius of the volume fractions of the agent and water mists. An experiment involving a water mist nozzle was carried out to validate the numerical method and then the droplet behaviors, e.g., stochastic collision, coalescence and breakup, were calculated with 2-way interaction Discrete Particle Modeling (DPM) in the steady state for the hybrid nozzle system. The mean radius of the water mists increased by about 40 %, whereas that of the agent decreased by about 21 %, when the injection pressure was increased from 30 bar to 60 bar. In addition, the mean radius of the agent increased by about 24 % as the foundation angle of the hybrid nozzle head increased from $30^{\circ}$ to $60^{\circ}$. As a result, it can be inferred that the injection angle and pressure are important factors for hybrid water mist designs.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.36-43
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• 1999

Many of thermodynamic-based diesel combustion simulations incorporated a model of fuel spray which attempts to describe how the spray develops according to time. Because the spray geometry is an essential aspect of the fuel-air mixing process, it is necessary to be calculated quantitatively for the purpose of heat release and emission analysis. In this paper, we proposed the calculating method of non-evaporation spray behaviors by injection rate shapes under actual operating conditions of diesel engine. We confirmed the utility of this calculating model as the calculated results were compared with the measured results. This calculating program can be applied usefully to study on the diesel spray behavior.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.100-111
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• 1994

Observations on the near-nozzle behavior of an unsteady fuel spray through single cylindrical hole nozzle were made by phase Doopler anemometer and microphotographs. At the edge of the spray, droplet velocity peaked during needle opening and closing. Droplet sizes tended to be small on the edge of spray. The near-nozzle spray angle taken from the microphotographs was time-dependent, even though it increased with gas-to-liquid density ratio as expected. The near-nozzle spray angle was the greatest on the initial stage and decreased to a relatively constant value after about one third of the total injection duration regardless of the ambient gas conditions, even in the near-vaccum condition. The wider near-nozzle spray angle in the early stage is due to the flow characteristics inside the nozzle rather than aerodynamic interactions. However, once the spray was established, aerodynamic interactions are essential in the near-nozzle atomization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Experiments were performed in a two-phase swirling spray facility that has been described elsewhere. Measurements of spray transport and drop size distribution are analyzed over wide ranges of air to liquid mass flow ratios, utilizing four different internal mixing pneumatic nozzles. The spatial distributions of mean velocities. fluctuating velocities, and velocity-diameter correlation were quantitatively analyzed. Also, the exponential correlation curves were obtained with ALR along the spray centerline, which indicated an approximately identical formulation regardless of ALR. It indicated that the atomization characteristics were remarkably superior in the case of 30o of swirl angle with higher ALR. Among other things. nozzle configuration is one of the significant parameters affecting spray phenomena from an internal mixing nozzle. Turbulence intensities are increasingly degenerated with an increase of nozzle configuration, allowing a rapid increment of drop size distribution.

• Composites Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.30-37
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• 2011

Analysis of wettability between epoxy resin and glass fabric was studied. The mixing ratios of epoxy resin and anhydride hardener were varied as 1:0.5, l:l and l:1.2. Catalyst content was fixed as 0.1wt% of the mixed resin. A curing analysis by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) showed a possible impregnation of the mixed resin at the room temperature. An effective contact angle of the mixed epoxy resin drop onto the glass fabric being preset on a flat glass plate was measured as a function of time. The wet area of the epoxy resin drop was also measured. Behaviors of the contact angle, the droplet height, the neat wet area and the coefficient of wettability were used to evaluate the wettability of the epoxy resin onto the glass fabric. It was concluded that the equivalent ratio of 1: 1.2 was the most suitable for the wettability.