• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.171-174
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• 2006

To clarify the usefulness of fluorescent diagnosis for cancer, We investigated the optimal method of administrating 5-aminolevulinic acid(5-ALA) by analyzing fluorescence signal of Protoporphyrin IX(PpIX) in the cultured normal and cancer cells. 5-ALA was injected as a photosensitizer to the cervico-uterine cancer cell line(HeLa) and in normal liver cells(Chang). Chang and HeLa cells were incubated with various concentrations of 5-ALA($0-800{\mu}g/ml$). The accumulation of PpIX induced by 5-ALA was in HeLa and Chang cells. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The optimal concentration of ALA that induced maximum levels of PpIX was $50{\mu}g/ml$ in HeLa cell cultured for 24 hours after 5-ALA injection. Fluorescence of PpIX in HeLa cell was excited at a wavelength(${\lambda}$=410 nm) and showed an emission spectrum at 602.3 nm, 659.9 nm which could be related to the PpIX generation induced by the applied 5-ALA. The experimental results showed that fluorescence signal of PpIX was proportional to the concentration of 5-ALA in cancer cells, but measured with low concentration in normal cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2008

Purpose: To assess the toxicity and tumor response induced by $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ dendritic cell(DC) immunotherapy combined with irradiation for refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases. Materials and Methods: Between May 2004 and November 2006, applicants from a pool of refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases were enrolled. The patients were registered after having signed the informed consent form, which had been approved by the Institutional Review Board from the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. DCs were obtained from peripheral blood of each patient, and then cultured in vitro. A total of $6{\times}10^6$ DCs were packed into a vial($DCVac/IR^{(R)}$, 0.5 ml) at the convenience of each patient's schedule. On the day before and on the day of each vaccination, each patient received a 4 Gy radiation dose to the target tumor. On the day of vaccination, the indicated dose of autologous DCs was injected into the irradiated tumor using ultrasound-guided needle injection procedures. A total of four vaccinations were scheduled at three 2-week intervals and one 4 week interval at the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. If the tumor status was deemed to be stable or responding to therapy, an additional vaccination dose or two was approved at 4 week intervals beyond the fourth immunization. A tolerance test for DCs was conducted by injecting a range of doses($3{\times}10^6\;to\;12{\times}10^6$ DCs) after the 3rd injection. Moreover, the maximal tolerable dose was applied to additional patients. Treatment safety was evaluated in all patients who had at least one injection. Treatment feasibility was evaluated by the 10th week by assessing the response of patients having at least 4 injections. For systemic toxicities, the evaluation was performed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, whereas adverse effects were recorded using common WHO toxicity criteria. Results: Of the 24 registered patients, 22 received the DCs injections. Moreover, of the 14 patients that applied for the tolerance test, only 11 patients completed it because 3 patients withdrew their testing agreement. A grade 3 or more side effect, which was possibly related to the DC injection, did not occur in additional patients. The $12{\times}10^6$ DC injection was identified as the maximum tolerable dose, and was then injected in an additional 8 patients. Patients tolerated the injection fairly well, with no fatal side effects. In order to assess the feasibility of DC immunotherapy, the response was evaluated in other hepatic lesions outside of the targeted hepatic lesion. The response evaluation was performed in 15 of the 17 patients who received at least 4 injections. Stable and progressive disease was found in 4 and 11 patients, respectively. Conclusion: The DC-based immunotherapy and radiotherapy is theoretically synergistic for the local control and systemic control. The $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ immunotherapy combined with irradiation was tolerable and safe in the evaluated cases of refractory colorectal cancer with multiple liver metastases. Future work should include well designed a phase II clinical trials.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the cytotoxic activity from Vitex rotundifolia. V. rotundifolia was extracted with methanol, ethanol, and acetone, and then the cytotoxic effect of these extracts was measured by the MTT reduction assay and morphological assay on the HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells. Among the three extracts, the acetone extract showed the highest cytotoxic activity on the HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ value of 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. The acetone extract was further fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water layer according to the degree of polarity. The n-hexane layer among the fractioned layers showed inhibitory activity on the growth of HT-29 cells. In addition, n-hexane layer also showed the cytotoxic activity against SW620 human colon carcinoma cells. These result indicated that extracts of V. rotundifolia may contain bioactive materials and could be potential candidates as chemotherapeutic agents against human colon carcinoma cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2006

Genetic alternation of Brca1 predispose of breast and ovarian cancer. Brca1 plays critical role in cell cycle regulation following DNA damage. Previous studies revealed that Brca1 plays an important role in S phase and G2/M checkpoint regulation. However, whether Brca1 involves in spindle checkpoint is unclear. In this study, the role of Brca1 in cell cycle response following nocodazole, which is a reagent that depolymerizes microtubules and activates the spindle checkpoint, has been examined using wild type $p53^{-/-}\;and\;p53^{-/-}Brca1^{-/-}$ mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). While wild type and Brca1-proficient MEFs showed an acute mitotic arrest, Brca1-deficient MEFs failed to arrest at mitotic phase in response to nocodazole treatment. In double-thymidine block and nocodazole treatment experiment, a portion of $p53^{-/-}\;Brca1^{-/-}$ MEFs were clearly by-passed nocodazole induced mitotic arrest. Consistent with this, in morphologic analysis, $p53^{-/-}\;Brca1^{-/-}$ MEFs showed growing cell morphology after nocodazole treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that Brca1 protein is an important component for normal induction of spindlecheckpoint and impairment of Brca1 function could induce dysregulation of mitotic cell cycle that ultimately results in genomic instability.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1993

The study was carried out to observe the effects of Clonorchis sinensis Infection on induction of cholangiocarcinoma in Syrian golden hamsters to which 15 ppm dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) solution was administered for 8 weeks. The histopathological changes of the bile duct and liver cells were observed at the 11th week. In six of 8 hamsters (75%) which were treated with DMN and then infected with C. sinenis, the livers developed cholangiocarcinoma at 10 weeks after the infestation of C. sinenis. The features of cholangiocarcinoma lesions were adenomatous or papillary hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelia showing distinct anaplastic changes with mucinous cell metaplasia and necrotic area. In the hamsters which received either DMN or C. sinenis alone, the livers showed only hyperplastic changes of the bile duct epithelial cells. It was suggested that C. sinensis infection and DMN administration could be a synergism on the development of cholangiocarcinoma in Syrian golden hamsters.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2016

Nanoparticles have been studied as therapeutic and imaging agents for the early detection and cure of cancer, Cancer Theranostics. Nanoparticles were considered to effectively target cancer cells due to Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect and most nanoparticles have been evaluated by using spherical shapes. However, the problem that the EPR effect is not so effective for human cancer therapy was recently brought up. Therefore, in this study, we suggest novel discoidal nanoparticles to overcome this problem, focusing on their manufacturing process and quality control. Herein, we demonstrate the improved manufacturing method of discoidal nanoparticles and their potential to apply to MCF 7, human breast cancer treatment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.406-414
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effect of fucoidan on the activation of macrophage and on induction of apoptosis in AGS cell. To measure the activity of macrophages, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays were performed in Raw 264.7 cell. Treatment with fucoidan significantly increased production of NO and TNF-${\alpha}$, indicating activation of macrophages. The result of MTT assay shows that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose and time-dependent manner. Fucoidan increased to enhance mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Fucoidan decreased Bcl-2 and XIAP expression, whereas the expression of Bax was increased in a time-dependent manner compared to the control. In addition, the active forms of caspase-9 were increased, and the inactivation of Akt was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK, canceled the apoptosis of fucoidan, expression of Bax and caspase-9 were decrease. These results indicate that fucoidan induces activation of macrophage and apoptosis through activation of caspase on AGS cell.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.512-522
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• 2023

Cancer with unlimited cell growth is a leading cause of death globally. Various cancer treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, can be applied alone or in combination depending on the cancer type and stage. New treatments with fewer side effects than previous cancer treatments are continually under development and in demand. Undifferentiated stem cells with unlimited cell growth are gradually changed via cellular differentiation to arrest cell growth. In this study, we reviewed the possibility of treating cancer by using cellular differentiation into the adipocytes in cancer cells. In previous in vitro studies, oral antidiabetic drugs of the thiazolidinedione (TDZ) class, such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, were induced into the adipocytes in various cancer cell lines via increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR γ) expression and glucose uptake, which is the key regulator of adipogenesis and the energy metabolism pathway. The differentiated adipogenic cancer cells treated with TDZ inhibited cell growth and had a less cellulotoxic effect. This adipogenic differentiation treatment suggests a possible chemotherapy option in cancer cells with high and abnormal glucose metabolism levels. However, the effects of the in vivo adipogenic differentiation treatment need to be thoroughly investigated in different types of stem and normal cells with other side effects.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.23-34
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• 2013

X-선 혹은 감마선 등 종래의 방서선 치료는 양성자 혹은 이온에 의한 치료방법의 등장함에 따라 퇴조할 것으로 보인다. 그 이유는, 양성자 등 전하를 띄는 입자치료기술이 치료 후 후유증이나 암의 재발을 현저히 억제시킬 수 있기 때문이다. 전하를 띄는 입자는 암 조직 전후의 정상 조직에 최소한의 피폭을 주나, X-선이나 감마선과 같은 광자들은 암 조직 전후의 정상세포가 암세포로 변화될 수 있는 정도의 피폭량을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 임상 중인 양성자(혹은 극히 일부의 탄소이온 치료기)치료기는 1990년 미국의 로마린다(Loma Linda) 대학에서 최초로 건립된 방식인 사이클로트론 혹은 싱클로트론 가속기와 빔라인 및 겐트리(gantry)로 구성된다. 그 장치의 거대함만큼이나 가격과 유지비 등에서 일반 소형병원에서 운영하기에는 쉽지 않아 보인다. 이에 본고에서는 소형병원에서도 운영할 수 있는 저비용의 레이저 양성자(이온) 가속방식의 등장 배경과 향후 전망을 논하고자 한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.367-374
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• 2002

Purpose : To investigate the growth inhibitory effects, and the underlying mechanism of human colon cancer cell (HT-29) death, induced by a new synthetic bile acid derivative (HS-1200). Materials and Methods : Human colon cancer cells (HT-29), in exponential growth phase, were treated with various concentrations of a new synthetic bile acid derivative (HS-1200). The growth inhibitory effects on HT-29 cells were examined using a frypan blue exclusion assay. The extent of apoptosis was determined using agarose gel electrophoresis, TUNEL assays and Hoechst staining. The apoptotic cell death was also confirmed by Western blotting of PARP, caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) analysis. To investigate the involvement of mitochondria, we employed immunofluorescent staining of cytochrome c and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses. Results : The dose required for the half maximal inhibition $(IC_{50})$ of the HT-29 cell growth was $100\~150\;{\mu}M$ of HS-1200. Several changes, associated with the apoptosis of the HT-29 cells, were reveal by the agarose gel eletrophoresis, TUNEL assays and Hoechst staining, following their treatment with $100\;{\mu}M$ of HS-1200. HS-1200 treatment also induced caspase-3, PARP and DFF degradations, and the western blotting showed the processed caspase-3 p20, PARP p85 and DFF p30 and p11 cleaved products. Mitochondrial events were also demonstrated. The cytochrome c staining indicated that cytochrome c had been released from the mitochondria in the HS-1200 treated cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential $(\Delta\Psi_m)$ was also prominently decreased in the HS-1200 treated cells. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the HS-1200 - induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells (HT-29) is mediated via caspase and mitochondrial pathways.