• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.70-85
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• 2012

Uiseong Tamni-ri Five-storied Stone Pagoda is composed of andesitic tuff and partially combined with tuff breccia and fine-grained granite. The andesitic tuff is identical to basement rock of Geumseongsan Mountain based on lithological, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. The pagoda has suffered physical weathering such as crack and scaling, discoloration and biological colonization with complex reaction. Expecially, dark gray and brown discoloration appeared whole over the surface of the pagoda, and three to five-layered exfoliation and granular disintegration dominantly occurred in the fourth and fifth roof stones. It is assuming that the stone elements of the pagoda are evaluated as third to forth grades (average third grade) of weathering compared to fresh rock in Geumseongsan Mountain. The physical strength of the stone elements shows low values in the south and west sides of the pagoda that corresponds high weathering degree of the west side due to exfoliation, crack and granular disintegration. It is necessary to investigate the pagoda for precise deterioration assessment, monitoring and conservation treatment.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.174-183
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• 2004

The knowledge of rock strength is important in assessing wellbore stability problems, effective sanding, and the estimation of in situ stress field. Numerous empirical equations that relate unconfined compressive strength of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, and limestone, and dolomite) to physical properties (such as velocity, elastic modulus, and porosity) are collected and reviewed. These equations can be used to estimate rock strength from parameters measurable with geophysical well logs. Their ability to fit laboratory-measured strength and physical property data that were compiled from the literature is reviewed. While some equations work reasonably well (for example, some strength-porosity relationships for sandstone and shale), rock strength variations with individual physical property measurements scatter considerably, indicating that most of the empirical equations are not sufficiently generic to fit all the data published on rock strength and physical properties. This emphasizes the importance of local calibration before one utilizes any of the empirical relationships presented. Nonetheless, some reasonable correlations can be found between geophysical properties and rock strength that can be useful for applications related to wellhole stability where haying a lower bound estimate of in situ rock strength is especially useful.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.171-180
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• 2015

Electrical resistivity of 23 core samples from Ulleung Island at dry or saturated condition has been measured along with dry density and effective porosity, and the relations between the properties has also been discussed. Upper and lower bounds of electrical resistivity at room temperature can be provided by the dry- and saturated-resistivity, respectively. Injecting nitrogen gas to the pore space at the very end of drying process can prevent humid air from getting into the pore space, so that measurement of dry-resistivity can be less affected by humidity in the air. Dry density and porosity have very close correlation; the ratio between increase of porosity and the decrease of density showed distinct relation to the rock types, such that basaltic rocks showed higher ratio while trachytic rocks showed lower. Saturated resistivity showed close correlation to density and effective porosity of the rock sample, while dry resistivity didn't.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 1998

Microcracks in rock materials, whether natural or induced, provide useful information on the engineering performance of in situ rockmasses. A population of preferentially oriented microcracks has observable effects on the physical properties of a rockmass, but their effects may not be evident if the rock material is highly anisotropic due to other causes. An experimental program was undertaken to investigate the effect of rock fabrics on the physical properties of rock materials. In this study, anisotropy in the circumferential wave velocity and the direction of induced fractures under axial point loading were measured. Rock specimens (NX-size) of the leucocractic Pocheon granite were cored from rock blocks, retaining the relative directions of each specimen. Another set of specimens was prepared from the rock cores of the same meterial, obtained in the field. The master orientation line (MOL) was set to be the representative direction of the microcracks in the specimen. Variation of the circumferential wave velocity of each specimen was then measured along the core, keeping the MOL as reference. The direction of the minimum wave velocity was nearly perpendicular to the direction of the MOL. Coring of smaller-sized (EX-size), concentric specimens from the NX specimens were then followed, and axial point loading was applied. The direction of induced fractures due to axial point loading was closely related to the MOL direction, confirming the prior test result.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.355-364
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• 2004

A study on the weathering grade classification has been performed for granite and granite gneiss in Korea. The qualitative classification criteria of weathering were reviewed and then modified with field studies for the weathered rock masses. The thin section observations and XRD analyses for the different weathering grades rock samples showed the petrographical and petrophysical difference with respect to the weathering : the proportion of weathering-resistant minerals suck at quartz and orthoclase has a tendency to increase with the development of weathering, but that of weathering-sensible minerals such as anorthite and biotite is decreased. The ranges of physical and mechanical rock properties for different weathering grades were obtained from the laboratory rock tests and field tests for the studied rocks. And then, along with $RDI_{sq}$(Fookes et al., 1988), the weathering index $I_{a}$, (Woo, 2003) has been developed in this study to demarcate the weathering grade. Those two indices rely mainly on the water absorption ratio of rock and on the different rock strength. The range of these weathering indices have been determined with the physical and mechanical rock properties that can be obtained from simple field or laboratory tests in 4 grades $I_{a}$＞ 7 for F, 3.5 ＜ $I_{a}$ ＜ 10 for SW, 1.0 $I_{a}$＜ 6.0 for MW and $I_{a}$＜ 2.5 for HW. Consequently, the weathering index could be utilized to classify quantitatively the rock weathering grade, especially for the studied granites and the granite gneiss in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.42-50
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• 2006

역들의 공간적 분포가 불균질하고 역의 크기가 큰 역암의 경우 암석 전체를 대표하는 물성치($E_m,\;c,\;\Phi$ 등) 구하기 위해서는 매우 큰 시험기기가 필요하다. 따라서 커다란 역을 포함하는 역암의 경우 직접 암석실내시험을 통한 물성치 산정은 현실적으로 거의 불가능하다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위하여 이 연구에서는 개별요소법을 이용하여 역암의 물성치를 산출하는 방법을 제안한다. 그 방법은다음과 같다. (1) 역암내의 역의 물성과 기질부의 물성을 각각 실내실험을 통하여 파악한 후 이들 (2) 두 물질의 거동양상을 구현할 수 있는 개별요소집합체의 개별요소간의 물성을 결정한다. (3) 역의 함량, 크기 모양 공간적 분포양상등의 역암 조직과 유사한 개별요소 수치해석시료를 만든 후, (4) 이를 수치 해석실험 (이축압축실험)에 사용한다. 이러한 수치해석실험을 통해 현재까지 만들어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 역의 강도가 기질의 강도보다 높은 역암의 경우, 역의 양이 증가할수록 일축압축강도, 내부 마찰각, 점착력이 증가하지만 증가 양상은 선형이 아니다. 탄성계수의 경우 역의 양과 상관 없이 변화하지 않는다. 둘째, 역과 기질 사이 표면의 점착력이 약할 경우 이러한 표면에서 최초 미세 균열이 형성되기 시작하므로 이 점착력은 물성치를 산출하는 중요한 인자이다. 따라서, 향후 이에 대한 자세한 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다. 결론적으로,설계 또는 시공시 직접시험에 의한 물성치의 파악이 어려운 역암 또는 직접시험을 위해 대량의 시료를 필요로 하는 함력 미고결지층, 핵석층, 풍화암과 같은 시료의 물성치는 별도로 측정된 물성들 (예, 역과 기질)을 이용한 개별요소법을 통해 구할 수 있다.로 나타났다.TEX>, DIN/DIP비 표층수 $23.91\pm3.42$, 저층수 $23.43\pm3.38$이었으며, 전반적으로 해역별 수질기준 I등급 내지는 II등급을 유지하고 있었고, 공간적으로는 외해측으로 갈수록 외해수와 혼합 확산되어 양호한 수질을 나타내었다. 장기적인 변동특성은 세그룹으로 구분되어진다.기 실험결과 용출용매로 증류수와 해수를 이용했을 때, 제강 슬래그에서 용출되는 납, 구리, 카드뮴, 수은의 용출 경향의 차이를 확인할 수 있었고 이에 따라서, 납, 구리, 카드뮴의 용출 유해성은 낮기 때문에 해양구조물로의 제강슬래그 유효이용은 적합할 것으로 판단되었다.im80%$로 계산되었다. 열형광선량계로 측정된 방사선량은 각각 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, 0.8 (70 cm 거리) cGy로 측정되었으며, 환자의 복부 표면에서의 서베이메터를 이용한 측정량은 10.9 mR/h였다. 차폐구조물의 사용 시 전체 치료 동안에 태아선량은 약 1 cGy 정도로 평가되었다. 결론 : AAPM Report No.50의 자료에 따르면, 임산부의 방사선 치료 시 태아의 방사선 피폭선량은 5 cGy 이하일 경우에 방사선 피폭에 따른 태아의 위험이 거의 없는 것으로 제시되고 있다. 본원에서 차폐 구조물을 설치하였을 경우에 측정된 태아선량은 약 1 cGy로 측정되었고, 고안된 차폐구조물은 태아에 도달하는 방사선량을 감소시키기에 적합한 설계임이 입증되었다. 아니라 일반종합병원에서도 CTX-M형 ESBL 생성 E. coli와 K. pneumoniae가 존재하며 확산 중임을 시사한다. 앞으로 CTX-M형 ESBL의 만연과 변종 CTX-M형 ESBL의 출연을 감시하기 위한

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2017

Rock properties and the effects of chemicals that were used for conservation were studied for effective conservation treatment of Seated Buddha rock carving, which is composed of grayish white tuff, at Golguram Hermitage, Gyeongju. The rocks contain 3-5% montmorillonite, a swelling mineral and reacting with water, the d spacing of swelling minerals was increased (1.54-2.69%). On the one hand, the physical properties of the rock samples, such as surface hardness, water absorption rate, and porosity improved after the application of ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener. On the other, the interlayer of swelling minerals decreased and greater the of swelling mineral content, the greater is the extent of swelling (4.23-12.12%). When the ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener was applied after pretreatment with a swelling inhibitor, the physical properties were similar to those of the stone strengthener alone. There was no interlayer spacing change of swelling minerals due to swelling inhibition treatment; however, when the stone strengthener was applied after the swelling inhibitor, interlayer changes were similar to those when only the stone strengthener was treated (4.10-11.85%). Though the peak intensity of swelling minerals in X-ray diffraction pattern decreased, the effect of the swelling inhibitor was almost negligible. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use ethyl silicate-based stone strengthener for Golgulam rock containing swelling minerals and supplementing them with a swelling inhibition system is not effective. Because weathering rapidly progresses when swelling minerals contact moisture, for now, measures to prevent water contact, such as expansion of the canopy, are needed in the lower and side parts of the carving.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.284-295
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• 2012

Abrasiveness of rock plays an important role on the wear of rock cutting tools. In this study, Cerchar abrasiveness tests were carried out to assess the abrasiveness of 19 different Korean rocks. Cerchar abrasiveness test is widely used to assess the abrasiveness of rock because of its simplicity and inexpensive cost. This study examines the relationship between Cerchar Abrasiveness Index (CAI) and mechanical properties (uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, porosity, shore hardness of rock), and the effect of quartz content, equivalent quartz content, which was obtained from XRD analysis. As a result of test, CAI was more influenced by petrographical properties than by the bonding strength of the matrix material of rock. CAI prediction model which consisted of UCS and EQC was proposed. CAI decreased linearly with the hardness of the steel pin. Numerical analysis was performed using Autodyn-3D for simulating the Cerchar abrasiveness test. In the simulations, most of pin wear occurred during the initial scratching distance, and CAI increased with the increase of normal loading.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2000

In this, study, some laboratory tests and in-situ test were performed for Taegu area. Test blasting was conducted to determine blasting vibration coefficients. The uniaxial strength of rocks vary widely from weathered rock to extremely hard rock. Boasting vibration coefficient, K and n were 114.8, 1.48 for Sungseu site, where rocks show weathered to medium strength.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.59-67
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• 2003

In this study, the change in hydraulic conductivity according to the changes in the contact area, aperture, confining pressure and temperature was observed to improve the reliability of the analysis of underground water flow. Also, the mechanical and thermal properties of domestic crystalline rocks in a great depth were obtained. It was found that the averaged intial aperture ranged from 544.33${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to 898.62${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and it followed a log-normal distribution. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with the increase of normal stress on the fracture surface and the hydraulic conductivity decreased as temperature increased. The change in hydraulic conductivity was strongly correlated with the change in contact area. It was verified by experiments that hydraulic conductivity was inversely proportional to the contact area. The measured mechanical and thermal properties were very close to the existing typical properties of domestic granites.