• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2017

In this study, the reason of die fracture occurring in hot forging of an aluminum fixed scroll was studied, based on experiments and finite element predictions. The material is assumed to be rigid-viscoplastic, and the die is rigid for the finite element predictions. The stress in the tension at the wrap root is known to cause brittle fracture, and the increase in the tensile stress is owing to the unbalanced filling of material into the die cavities between both sides of the warp. Based on the empirical and numerical achievements, the effects of geometrical parameters of the material on the die fracture were examined to find practical measures for elongated die life. It has been shown from the parametric study that the material with the optimized trapezoidal cross-section, which can be easily made during cutting or the optimized cylindrical billet with its eccentric placement in the die cavity, can considerably reduce the magnitude of the tensile stress around the die corner fractured, indicating that economical manufacturing with reduced number of stages and elongated die life can be realized at once using the optimized practical initial material.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.905-909
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• 2001

The significance of casting/forging process for reducing the production cost of large components is being noted in these days. This casting/forging process is a method of forging a workpiece preformed by casting into the final shape. In this study, the casting/forging process has been applied in manufacturing a large aluminum flange in order to determine the optimum forging condition of the aluminum flange. The optimum range of forging temperature of Al 5083 was from $420^{\circ}C$ to $450^{\circ}C$. The suitable strain rate was 1.5 $sec^{-1}$. The deformation amount of a preform in a forging process is key role in the mechanical properties of casting/forging products. In order to find the change of mechanical properties according to effective stain of cast aluminum billets, a hot upsetting test were performed with rectangular blocks and then a uniaxial tensile test was performed with specimens cut from the upsetted billets. The tensile strength and the elongation of cast/upsetted aluminum billets were increased largely until the effective strain was 0.7. FE analysis was performed to determine the configurations of cast preform and die for an aluminum flange. In the FE analysis, the forging load-limit was fixed 1500ton for the low equipment cost. The cast preform was designed so that the effective stain around the neck of a flange exceeds 0.7. In the forging experiment for an aluminum flange, it was confirmed that the optimal configuration of the cast preform predicted by FE analysis was very useful. The cast/forged products using designed preform were made perfectly without any defects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.16-16
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• 1998

우주발사체용 로켓트 구조재로 사용되는 알루미늄합금 단조재는 강도확보를 위하여 고온으로 가열후 급냉과정에서 상당한 크기의 잔류응력이 발생되고 이로 인해 기계가공시 변형이 유발되어 조립성이 나빠진다. 잔류응력은 그 크기가 재료의 항복강도를 초과할 때 제거되므로 응력제거(stress relief)를 위해서는 외부하중이 가해져야 한다. 응력제거 처리는 소성변형, 열처리 및 초음파 등의 방법으로 수행되며 소성변형에 의한 제거효과가 가장 크다 형상이 복잡한 형 단조재의 경우 열간단조금형과 동일한 금형을 이용하는 TX52 등의 방법을 적용한다고 알려져 있으나 TX54에 대한 금형설계 및 소성변형률 적용 데이터는 공정 know-how로 분류되어 있다. 잔류응력제거 처리의 해석적 연구로는 판재와 링롤재에 대해서는 인장 및 압축 소성변형에 적용에 대한 결과가 발표된 바 있으나 형 단조재의 경우에는 전무하다

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.168-174
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of process conditions on the microstructual changes and mechanical properties of large 7175 aluminum die forgings. The cast billets of 370 and 720 mm in diameter were homogenized and die forged after direct chill casting. The size and volume fraction of second phase particles in 720 mm billet were larger than those of 370 mm billet. The interdendritic sites containing the second phase particles was considered to be a crack initiation region in the process of cold upsetting. The tensile and yield strength of die forged specimens of 720 mm billet in the direction of Land L T were higher than those of 370 mm billet. However, the tensile strength of these specimens were 5 to 10% lower than that of American military specification. The plane strain fracture toughness of die forged specimens of 370 mm cast billet showed almost the same level of 720 mm billet, which was die forged after free forging.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.63-68
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• 2010

The use of aluminum alloy parts in the automotive industry has been increasing recently due to its low weight compared with steel to improve fuel efficiency. Companies in the auto parts' manufacturing sector are expected to meet the government's strict environmental regulations. In this study, manufacturing process of aluminum alloy bolt has been designed from forming to heat treatment. Bolt forming process is composed of cold forging for body and rolling for thread. In this study only cold forging process is considered by employing the finite element method. In the cold forging process, preform shape was designed and damage value was considered for die design. Two steps of forging process has been developed by the simulation and a prototype was manugactured accordingly. As a final process, solution heat treatment and aging process was employed. A final prototype was found to meet the required specifications of tensile strength and dimension.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1438-1443
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• 2001

The significance of the casting/forging process for reducing the production cost of large components is being noted in these days. This casting/forging process is a method of forging a workpiece preformed by casting into the final shape. In this study, the casting/forging process has been applied in manufacturing a large aluminum flange in order to reduce press capacity and material cost. Firstly, a hot compression test was performed with cast cylindrical billets in order to determine the optimum forging condition of the aluminum flange. The optimum range of forging temperature of Al 5083 was from 420$\^{C}$ to 450$\^{C}$. The suitable strain rate was 1.5 sec(sup)-1. The deformation amount of a preform of a preform in a forging process is a key role in the mechanical properties of casting/forging products. In order to find the change of mechanical properties according to effective stain of cast aluminum billets, a hot upsetting test were performed with rectangular blocks and then a uniaxial tensile test was performed with specimens cut from the upsetted billets. The tensile strength and the elongation of cast/upsetted aluminum billets were increased largely until the effective strain was 0.7. FE analysis was performed to determine the configurations of case preform and die for an aluminum flange. In the FE analysis, the forging load-limit was fixed 1500ton for low equipment cost. The cast preform was designed so that the effective stain around the neck of a flange exceeded 0.7. From the result of FE analysis, optimal configurations of the cast preform and the die were designed for a large flange. The filling and solidification analysis for a sound cast-preform was carried out with MAGMA soft. In the forging experiment for an aluminum flange, it was confirmed that the optimal configuration of the cast preform predicted by FE analysis was very useful. The cast/forged products using designed preform were made perfectly without any defects.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.276-280
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• 2018

This paper has developed a forging process for conical shells for making aluminum cylindrical large shells. An incremental forging process was applied to reduce forging loads and die cost. The preform is designed based on the crosssectional area of the final forged shape. Inner diameter of the preform for mandrel forging is constant, and outer diameter is conical so that it matches the cross-sectional area of the product. However, simulation confirmed that the larger diameter is smaller than predicted and the length is larger than predicted because in the initial stage of forging, the large diameter portion first comes into contact with the anvil at the initial stage of forging and stretches in longitudinal direction. So, it has developed a rule to design the preform considering 3-D deformation instead of plane strain deformation at the beginning stage of mandrel forging. The developed mandrel forging process can be applied to more similar products and economic benefits may be obtained.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.239-249
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• 1997

The behaviour of alloys in the semi-solid state strongly depends on the imposed stress state and on the morphology of the phase which can vary from dendritic to globular. To optimal net shape forging of semi-solid materials, it is important to investigate for filling phenomena in forging process of arbitrarily shaped dies. To produce a automotive part which has good mechanical property, the filling pattern according to die velocity and solid fraction distribution has to be estimated for arbitrarily shaped dies. Therefore, the estimation of filling characteristic in the forging simulation with arbitrarily shaped dies of semi-solid materials are calculated by finite element method with proposed algorithm. The proposed theoretical model and a various boundary conditions for arbitrarily shaped dies is investigated with the coupling calculation between the liquid phase flow and the solid phase deformation. The simulation process with arbitrarily shaped dies is performed to the isothermal conditions of two dimensional problems. To analysis of forging process by using semi-solid materials, a new stress-strain relationship is described, and forging analysis is performed by viscoelastic model for the solid phase and the Darcy's law for the liquid flow. The calculated results for forging force and filling limitations will be compared to experimental data. The filling simulation of simple products performed with the uniform billet temperature(584$^{\circ}C$) from the induction heating by the commercial package MAGMAsoft. The initial step of computation is the touching of semi-solid material with the end of die gate and the initial concept of proposed system just fit with the capability of MAGMAsoft.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.7-21
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• 2000

This paper describes an overview of the thixoforming and thixomolding processes. Semi-solid metalworking (SSM), which is called the thixoforming process of aluminium materials, incorporates the elements of both casting and for the manufacture of near net shape parts. The SSM has some advantages such as net shape or near net shape manufacturing, the ability to form thin walls, excellent surface finish, tight tolerance, and excellent dimensional precision. The thixomolding process of Mg alloy (AZ9l) is a combination of two technologies both conventional die casting and plastic injection molding. The feed material used is a machined chip with a geometry of approximately 1 mm square and a length of 2~3 mm. The semi-solid forming (SSF) of high quality aluminium and magnesium parts will be established in the automotive and electronic industry, in the future. The hybrid method of casting/forging has been caused attention. This process uses a preformed material made by casting instead of the wrought material and finishes it by a single forging process. This process is expected to lower costs without sacrificing the mechanical and finishes it by a single forging process. The process is expected to lower costs without sacrificing the mechanical properties. The authors, intending that the casting/forging process contributes to a reduction in production cost of aluminum automotive parts in Korea, describes the feature of the casting/forging process, aluminum alloys suitable for the cast preform, microstructure and mechanical properties of the cast preform, application examples of cast/forging, and further study.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.338-345
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• 1997

The behaviour of alloys in the semi-solid state strongly depends on the imposed stress stage and on the morphology of the phase which can vary from dendritic to globular. To optimal net shape forging of semi-solid materials, it is important to investigate for material behaviour for variation of strain rate. Therefore, to investigate the effect of compression speed on deformation of aluminum alloy with globular microstructure, the compression test for semi-solid aluminum alloy with controlled solid fraction is perform by material test system which is attracted with furance. The behavior of semi-solid aluminum alloy were discussed for the various solid fraction and die speed. The material constants in stress-strain were are also proposed.