• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2010

This study was conducted to provide a method for fire suppression in a central area inside the roof of a wooden cultural property using a gas extinguishing apparatus, which is used as one of fire suppression methods with view to preventing valuable wooden properties inherited from ancestors from being destructed by fire. For a wooden property, it is very difficult to suppress fire when combustion spreads to a central area inside its roof, so it is impossible to put out a fire without destructing it. Such a fire fighting apparatus as a sprinkler, etc., installed in modern structures, is very effective, but the possibility of damaging a cultural property is highly probable after installment and operation, which leads to its low adaptability to a wooden property. Thus, the necessity of developing a fire suppress ion apparatus was raised to minimize the said problem and to obtain the desired results, and the need of making a plan on the installment was also raised based on the results of a test whose validity was proven. The central area inside a roof is a traditional - architectural style which is found in Korean wooden structures only, so it is impossible to discover similar cases in foreign countries. For this reason, this study was conducted to verify the effectiveness by developing a fixed fire suppression apparatus designed considering the speed and effectiveness in fire suppression. This study was sequentially carried out in the following steps. First, a frame for this study was made and the specific plan on a fire suppression method was established. Then, a fire suppression apparatus was installed. In the first step, the effectiveness for fire suppression was tested by installing valve open - punched - main water pores, and in the second step, the same effectiveness was tested by valve opened - punched - injection ports. For a wooden property similar to "Sungnyemun"(Gate of Exalted Ceremonies), its central area of the roof decides whether the fire suppression is successful or not, so the opinions on how to put out a fire were presented in this study, and thus the objective data to establish a method on fire suppression in a wooden structure(cultural property) was secured. Lastly, a scientific verification in the effectiveness for fire suppression measures was presented by installing a gas - fixed fire suppression apparatus.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.149-175
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the character of Islamic fundamentalism and Middle-Ease Terrorism. The aim of Islamic fundamentalism is reconstruction of Ummah(Muslim Unity), thee early society of Muhammad's age. Islamic movement insist to restore the spirit of Islam and purify the society of Islam from the United State and Western world. Now, Islamic fundamentalism movement as a new ideology, appeals to muslim in the world. The concept of modern national state from the Western countries do not accord with the traditional Islamic principles of reign and a spirit of nationalism. On the other hand, Islamic movement have no legitimacy in the system of modern state which govern the Arab world, regardless of the form of government. For this reasons, Islamic fundamentalist have an insecure position and their political activities. It is yet far from their purpose, to reconstruct the muslim unity, to realize the Islamic political principle close to their practical methods. Yet Islamic fundamental movement have not overcome the system of secular state. The Middle East terrorism supported by government might be eradicated by America's anti-terrorism policy. However, it will be serious and spread all over the world that the terrorist attack against the U. S. and western countries is acted by militant warriors of Islamic fundamentalism, uniting Arab and Islamic people's emotions against America and western countries. There are some reasons that we need to focus on the Arab and Islamic fundamentalism. We need to get out of misunderstanding and discrimination about Islamic religion and culture from America's and Western' standard Which are only their new world order. The discrimination of America and western nations against muslim could make other ideologies, opposite to the world peace. There are a lot of foreign workers from Islam countries in Korea. We need to give consideration and attention to them for the our globalization and world peace. It is time to consider what to do for the nation's profit(economical, political, strategic)with right understanding. We are not safe and free from the terrorism yet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop a mobile tower-yarder with tractor for agriculture and forestry that is the efficient yarder in steep terrains, thinning operation and small scale logging operation. It was designed and manufactured that the power source of tower-yarder is equiped three hydraulic pump connected to PTO of tractor, and three hydraulic pump is used to operate the four motor for drum, the cylinder for clutch of interlocker, the cylinder for tower expanding and the out-rigger cylinder. It was to adopt the running skyline system and the inter-lock function, and to equip the double capstan drum, the storage drum and the clutch for interlock in the development of tower-yarder. It was to develop the tower-yarder which the winch torque of double-capstan drum, the traction force of double-capstan drum, the number of rotation of double-capstan drum and the line speed is $191kg{\cdot}m$, 1,910 kgf, 220.5 rpm and 138.5 m/min, respectively. And it was known that the optimum flange diameter of the main and haulback storage drum is about 360 mm and about 460 mm in order to storage the main line length of 250m and the haulback line length of 450 m. The carriage was made to adopt the running skyline system and to equip the lock function in order to the convenience of chocking and the fall down preventing of tree. It was provided to develop the wire remote controller for the inter-lock function, the convenience of control and the efficiency of yarding. In development process, this tower-yarder was attached the 3-point linkage hitch equipment and the tire wheel for the traction and moving of tower-yarder. Also, it was equipped that the out-rigger and the guy line in order to raise the safety and efficiency of yarding of tower-yarder.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-31
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• 2007

While trust and commitment are core mediating variables for the purpose of maintaining the long-term relationship, in the context of the characteristics of company and the relationship performance of its members, there have been limited studies which explore as to how each of the dimensions has affects differently. The basic purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between an automobile manufacturer and its agencies. The main purpose of this study is to examine how each different dimension of trust and commitment on the automobile manufacturer has different mediating effects between the characteristics of company(organization characteristics, relationship characteristics) and relationship performance perceived by its agents. Another purpose is to investigate the mechanism by which the relationship performance of the agencies is improved. An empirical study surveying 115 sales office managers at a leading automobile manufacturer in Korea was conducted. An analysis of the collected data indicates that while the characteristics of company have a positive influence on the agencies' relational performance through the mediating role of both trust of benevolence and commitment, agencies' trust of their headquarter's benevolence has a different influence on the dimensions of commitment. Finally, the authors discussed some theoretical contributions and managerial implications. And then, they presented limitations of this study and the future research directions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2003

Objectives：As increasing number of new antidepressants have been being introduced in clinical practice, pharmacological understanding has been broadened. These changes mandate new information and theories to be incorporated into the treatment process of children with depressive disorders. In light of newly coming knowledge, this review intended to recapitulate the characteristics of new antidepressants and to consider the pivotal issues to develope guidelines for the treatment of depression in childhood and adolescence. Methods：Searching the Pub-Med online database for the articles with the key words of 'new', 'antidepressants' and 'children' ninety-seven headings of review articles were obtained. The author selected the articles of pertinent subjects in terms of either treatment guideline or psychopharmacology of new antidepressants. When required, articles about the clinical effectiveness of individual antidepressants were separatedly searched. In addition, the safety information of new antidepressants was acquired by browsing the official sites of the United States Food and Drugs Administration and Department of Health and Human Services. Results：1) For the clinical course, treatment phase, and treatment outcome, the reviews or treatment guidelines adopted the information from adult treatment guidelines. 2) Systematic and critical reviews unambiguously concluded that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) excelled tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs) for both efficacy and side effect profiles, and were recommend for the first-line choice for the treatment of children with depressive disorders. 3) New antidepressants generally lacked treatment experiences and randomized controlled clinical trials. 4) SSRIs and other new antidepressants, when used together, might result in pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic drug-to-drug interaction. 5) The difference of the clinical effectiveness of antidepressants between children and adults should be addressed from developmental aspects, which required further evidence. Conclusion：Treatment guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of childhood and adolescence depression could be constructed on the basis of clinical trial findings and practical experiences. Treatment guidelines are to best serve as the frame of reference for a clinician to make reasonable decisions for a particular therapeutic situation. In order to fulfill this role, guidelines should be updated as soon as new research data become available.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.33-43
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• 2007

Because usually signal controllers on the crosswalks of mid-block provide pedestrian signals every cycle based on the fixed signal plan, pedestrian signals are provided even when there is no pedestrian demand. Consequently, signal is operated inefficiently and this may cause drivels to experience useless delay or violate the signal. Even though recently pushbuttons have been installed to improve the efficiency of pedestrian signal control in the crosswalks of mid-block and the pedestrian safety. they are not spread out national-wide in Korea because of the cost of the pushbutton equipments and the lack of an acknowledgement of the efficiency of the pushbutton. In this study, the effectiveness of the pushbutton on saving the vehicle delay was verified through before and after study in 4 study sites using a traffic micro-simulation model, VISSIM. To evaluate the viability of the pushbutton, a benefit/cost analysis was also performed for 4 study sites. It was found that B/C ratio of all of 4 study sites was greater than 1. The sensitivity analysis for the traffic volume and pedestrian volume were performed to identify the impact of the both volume on the operation of pushbutton. And, a benefit/cost analysis was performed for all scenarios. It was found that when the pedestrian volume is greater than 90ped/h, the pedestrian signal was operated same as the fixed signal plan. That is, there is no benefit of pushbutton at all once the pedestrian volume is greater than 90ped/h. When the pedestrian volume is equal to or less than 90ped/h and the traffic volume is greater than 2,500veh/h, B/C ratio is greater than 1. Also it was found that as traffic volume increases and pedestrian volume decreases, the benefit increases. In this study, the criteria for installation of pushbutton on the crosswalks of mid-block are developed through the sensitivity analysis and benefit/cost analysis. The results of this study may be used as a criteria for expansion of pushbutton system.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

Electric power which is the energy source of economy and industries requires long distance transportation due to regional difference between its production and consumption, and it is supplied through the multi-loop transmission and distribution system. Prior to its actual use, electric power flows through several transformations by voltage transformers in substations depending on the characteristics of each usage, and a transformer has the structure consisting of the main body, winding wire, insulating oil and bushings. A transformer fire that breaks out in substations entails the primary damage that interrupts the power supply to houses and commercial facilities and causes various safety accidents as well as the secondary economic losses. It is considered that causes of such fire include the leak of insulating oil resulting from the destruction of bottom part of bushings, and the chain reaction of fire due to insulating oil that reaches its ignition point within 1 second. The smoke detector and automatic fire extinguishing system are established in order to minimize fire damage, but a difficulty in securing golden time for extinguishing fire due to delay in the operation of detector and release of gas from the extinguishing system has become a problem. Accordingly, this study was carried out according to needs of active mechanism to prevent the spread of fire and block the leak of insulating oil, in accordance with the importance of securing golden time in extinguishing a fire in its early stage. A bushings fireproof structure was developed by applying the high temperature shape retention materials, which are expanded by flame, and mechanical flame cutoff devices. The bushings fireproof structure was installed on the transformer model produced by applying the actual standards of bushings and flange, and the full scale fire test was carried out. It was confirmed that the bushings fireproof structure operated at accurate position and height within 3 seconds from the flame initiation. It is considered that it could block the spread of flame effectively in the event of actual transformer fire.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.198-215
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• 2020

Official development assistance refers to assistance provided by governments and other public institutions in donor countries, aimed at promoting economic development and social welfare in developing countries. The purpose of this research is to examine the construction process of the "Myanmar Cultural Heritage Management System" that is underway as part of the ODA project to strengthen cultural and artistic capabilities and analyze the achievements and challenges of the Digital Cultural Heritage ODA. The digital cultural heritage management system is intended to achieve the permanent preservation and sustainable utilization of tangible and intangible cultural heritage materials. Cultural heritage can be stored in digital archives, newly approached using computer analysis technology, and information can be used in multiple dimensions. First, the Digital Cultural Heritage ODA was able to permanently preserve cultural heritage content that urgently needed digitalization by overcoming and documenting the "risk" associated with cultural heritage under threat of being extinguished, damaged, degraded, or distorted in Myanmar. Second, information on Myanmar's cultural heritage can be systematically managed and used in many ways through linkages between materials. Third, cultural maps can be implemented that are based on accurate geographical location information as to where cultural heritage is located or inherited. Various items of cultural heritage were collectively and intensively visualized to maximize utility and convenience for academic, policy, and practical purposes. Fourth, we were able to overcome the one-sided limitations of cultural ODA in relations between donor and recipient countries. Fifth, the capacity building program run by officials in charge of the beneficiary country, which could be the most important form of sustainable development in the cultural ODA, was operated together. Sixth, there is an implication that it is an ODA that can be relatively smooth and non-face-to-face in nature, without requiring the movement of manpower between countries during the current global pandemic. However, the following tasks remain to be solved through active discussion and deliberation in the future. First, the content of the data uploaded to the system should be verified. Second, to preserve digital cultural heritage, it must be protected from various threats. For example, it is necessary to train local experts to prepare for errors caused by computer viruses, stored data, or operating systems. Third, due to the nature of the rapidly changing environment of computer technology, measures should also be discussed to address the problems that tend to follow when new versions and programs are developed after the end of the ODA project, or when developers have not continued to manage their programs. Fourth, since the classification system criteria and decisions regarding whether the data will be disclosed or not are set according to Myanmar's political judgment, it is necessary to let the beneficiary country understand the ultimate purpose of the cultural ODA project.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.323-332
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of science classes using smart devices that combine augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) on the scientific attitude of middle school gifted students. In addition, it is intended to find out the perception of science classes using these smart devices. In addition to actual experiments, a science class program that allows students to experience science experiments virtually using AR and VR was applied to 15 middle school gifted students. Before and after the application of the program, the questionnaire is to investigate the interest in scientific classes, the attitude toward science exploration, and the professional interest in science, and the recognition of classes that combine AR and VR. In addition, through in-depth interviews, the perceptions of gifted students was accurately investigated. As a result of this study, the content of science classes and instructors showed high class satisfaction, but the smart devices and applications used during the science classes showed lower class satisfaction than others. As a result of comparing and analyzing the pre-post of gifted students, interest in science class, attitude toward science inquiry, and professional interest in science increased significantly among the sub-areas of the scientific attitude test. As a result of analyzing free responses and indepth interviews, gifted students responded with the advantage that classes using smart devices that combine AR and VR can be tested quickly and safely for a short time compared to actual experiments. On the other hand, they responded with low completeness of the application and dizziness when operating virtual reality. Based on this, implications for the development of applications and instructional programs using advanced technologies that can experience realistically limited scientific experiments such as experimental preparation, class time, and risk factors were obtained.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.146-160
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• 2023

The spread of non-face-to-face services due to the COVID-19 pandemic has brought many changes in consumers' purchasing behavior and attracted much attention to new services. Could trying new services caused by this sudden environmental change alter consumers's choice patterns? This study proposes the research question of whether these new service experiences can change consumers' existing choice behavior, especially for risk-averse consumers who maintain their existing choice behavior or prefer safe alternatives. In this study, we examined whether trying out an unmanned payment services, one of innovative services that emerged after the pandemic crisis, can change the existing choice behavior of risk-averse consumers, i.e., make them more likely to prefer risky alternatives to safe alternatives. To accomplish these research goals, this research conducted one pilot survey and one study. The results of pilot survey showed that the stronger the prevention-focus tendency, the lower the self-efficacy to use the innovative service, with a negative relationship between them. Based on these findings, the study used an experimental method to examine the interaction effects between the use of innovation services and consumers' regulatory focus in a choice behavior and to explore the psychological mechanisms behind them. According to the results, it is found that prevention-focused consumers were more likely to choose risky alternatives and dissimilar extended brands following a trial of an unmanned payment service compared to not using that service. In contrast, promotion-focused consumers did not show different choice patterns regardless of following a trial of an innovative service. Furthermore, these results for prevention-focused consumers confirm the role of self-efficacy as a psychological mechanism. These findings shed light on the role of self-efficacy which has discussed in positive psychology into marketing area. Moreover, practical and academic implications are suggested by the finding that behavioral change occurs in risk-averse consumers, who are known to be hesitant to try new behaviors, indicating market expansion related to potential consumers for the use of the innovation services.