• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.200-207
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to investigate the chemical composition and microflora of soy sauce during storage under the different temperature. The results obtained are as follows. (1) Total nitrogen, color density, specific gravity and sodium chloride concentration of soy sauce showed a increasing tendency in the progress of storage period. Open-storage state at $30^{\circ}C\;and\;15^{\circ}C$ were responsible to the increase of components as compare with close-storage state at $5^{\circ}C$. (2) pH and buffer action were not almost changed during the storage. (3) Alcohol and sugar contents of soy sauce showed a decreasing tendency in the process of storage period, especially in the case of open state alcohol being almost disappeared within 11 months in all groups. (4) The number of common bacteria in one ml of soy sauce were counted as $96{\times}10^4$ before pasteurization and $10^3$ after pasteurization. The osmophilic bacteria was counted as $38{\times}10^4$, $10^2$ after pasteurization. (5) The spore number of mold in one ml of soy sauce were counted $32{\times}10^7$ before pasteurization, 58 after pasteurization and 10 to $10^2$ in the progress of storage period. (6) The bacteria number of soy sauce were somewhat decreased with the passing, of the time. The group of high temperature and open state were more notable than low temperature and close state.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2017

Physical sterilization methods using ultraviolet radiation and ionizing radiation such as gamma ray and electron beam are applied in various industry fields due to disinfection effects and economic efficiency but may also cause microbial mutation. In this research, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli strains were treated with ionizing and ultraviolet radiation and their survival rate, mutation rate, and DNA damage were studied to evaluate the genetic safety. The survival rate of the strains decreased drastically as the irradiation dose of ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam increased, and over 90% of the strain was exterminated at a dosage of $0.40{\sim}25.06mJ/cm^3$, 0.11~0.22 kGy, 0.14~0.53 kGy respectively. In SOS / umu-test, genotoxicity causing DNA damage was identified in all samples. In Ames test, back-mutation rate increased to $3.82{\times}10^{-4}$ and $9.84{\times}10^{-6}$ respectively when exposed to ultraviolet ray and gamma ray. At exposure to ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam with dosage of over 99.99% extinction rate of S. enterica TA100, back-mutation rate increased 347 times, 220 times, 0.6 times respectively to the spontaneous back-mutation rate. Rifampicin resistance mutation rate of E. coli CSH100 exposed to ultraviolet ray, gamma ray, and electron beam was $2.46{\times}10^{-6}$, $1.66{\times}10^{-6}$, $4.12{\times}10^{-7}$ respectively. Therefore, gamma radiation is effective in microorganism control from the perspective of disinfection and electron beam has the advantage of sterilizing with little DNA damage and bacterial mutation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2015

The Daegu Metropolitan Transit Corporation Advisory Committee has chosen 5 styles of bridge-pier designs, including coating, graphic, planting, billboard and safety-facility style, based on the results of landscape simulations from a previous study. This study was conducted to investigate citizen's preferences and emotional images for each style of bridge-pier design, by aiming at the pilot urban landscape improvement section from Daebong Bridge in Suseong Gu to the crossroads near Dongseong Elementary School in Daegu Metropolitan City. The questionnaire was drawn up regarding the urban landscape improvement plans applied to the research area, and the questions were about citizens' perception of bridge-pier structures generated by constructing a light rail transit, important factors to consider when designing bridge piers, preferences for each style of bridge-pier design and emotional impact. 60.4% of the survey participants were found to perceive bridge-pier structures as unattractive, so it was necessary to improve them aesthetically. Regarding visual factors of bridge-pier designs, color was most important at 5.81, followed by form at 5.57. Regarding aesthetic component factors, harmony was most important at 6.07, followed by amenity at 6.00. In the survey participants' preference for each bridge-pier design, the graphic style was preferred most at 4.14, followed by the planting style. In emotional adjectives used for each bridge-pier design, the coating style, the safety-facility style and the non-treatment style showed similar results, and all of these styles were evaluated as artificial, lifeless and desolate. The graphic style and the billboard style showed different tendencies, depending on visual factors and aesthetic component factors applied to the graphic design used for these two bridge-pier styles. Since natural materials were used for the planting style, however, it showed high preference for such emotional images as natural and lively. The emotional adjective 'amiable' was found to affect citizens' preferences for each bridge-pier aesthetic improvement plan most, and it was also analyzed to have an effect on all the styles of bridge-pier designs. To improve the landscape of a light rail transit being constructed inside the urban area, this study quantitatively extracted citizens' preferences and emotional adjective for every style of bridge-pier design applied to the pilot urban landscape improvement section, and it is expected that the results of this study will be used as basic data to improve the landscape of bridge piers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.459-468
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• 2019

Changes in growing periods and productivities of crops under double cropping of potato-rice, potato-soybean and potato-maize, were investigated at the Paddy Experimental Fields in Miryang City from 2015 to 2018. Spring potatoes planted in early March showed a yield of 2.1-2.3 ton/10a and a period of 90 days. In double cropping, growing period of rice, soybean, and maize was about 130, 125 and 115 days, respectively. The potato yield obtained was as much as 616, 330 and 815 kg/10a under double cropping with rice, soybean and maize, respectively. It is beneficial to sow the spring potatoes as early as possible to increase the yield and to secure the growing period of sequential crops. The introduction of summer medium-late variety grain crops into double cropping of spring potato and rice as well as into double cropping of spring potato and soybean/maize, was possible because of no sowing in the fall and plants were able to reach the heading growth stage before the safe heading limit of rice in particular. In the case of maize, the growth period was different according to the change in temperature over the year. The introduction of upland crops such as soybeans and maize instead of rice improved soil physicochemical properties in a short period of time, contributing to the increase of spring potato yields, but there was also a risk of damage by successive cropping for more than three years. Spring potato-maize showed higher yield in terms of starch production, and spring potato-soybean was found to be advantageous for net income.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1992

Not only reducing the carry-over effects of quinclorac [3, 7-dichloro-8-quinoline carboxylic acid] used in paddy field to some following vegetable crops but also rationalizing agro-ecology conservation and farm economy, the reducing feasibility of application rates by various cropping patterns and application timing after rice seeding and transplanting. Four cropping patterns namely dry direct seeding(DDS), flooded direct seed(FDS), transplanting of 8 days old early seedlings(EST) and 25 days old machinery seedling(MST) were experimented with 7 application timings as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 days after seeding/transplanting and 9 levels of application rates as 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525, and 600g ai/ha of the chemical, respectively. Within the maximum permitted limit of rice phytotoxicity, the minimum application rate of quinclorac to complete control of Echinochloa crus-galli as influenced by various cropping patterns with application timing could be evaluated as follows : A. Dry direct seeding : The minimized application rate at application timing upto 10 days after seeding (DAS) was counted 150g ai/ha, and delaying upto 15-30 DAS, the rates were increased upto 225-525g ai/ha. B. Flooded direct seeding and transplanting : The application rates were minimized 75g ai/ha at application timing upto 10 days after seeding/transplanting(DAS/T), 150g ai/haupto 15 DAS/T, and 225g ai/ha at later than 20 DAS/T, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.583-593
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed-sowing of legume forage and applying of cattle manure on the productivity of organic rye to provide dairy farmers with safe organic feeds. Also the present study aimed to evaluate optimal applying level of cattle manure and carrying capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The amount of crude protein was significantly higher in the mixed-sowing of legume forage (average 760~786 kg/ha) than in the single-sowing of rye (average 353 kg/ha) (p<0.05). The mixed-sowing of forage peas and the single-sowing of rye tended to improve by increasing the level of nitrous fertilization rather than the fertilization treatment. The amount of crude protein on the rye according to the mixed-sowing of legume was significantly higher in the mixture (average 8.29~9.90%) than in the single (average 4.93%) (p<0.05). The comparison by the level of nitrogen fertilization indicated significantly high for the rye in 50 kg N/ha than in fertilization treatments (p<0.05). Total digestible nutrients (TDN) amount in the single-sowing of rye was average 46.86% and has lower than average 49.96~50.12% of the mixed-sowing of legume, and especially the mixed-sowing of forage pea was the highest with 54.55% in 150 kg N/ha for the level of nitrogen fertilization (p<0.05). The breeding ability of annual organic livestocks per unit area according to the feed value of rye presented significantly higher ability in the mixed-sowing of legume (3.72~4.12 heads) than the single-sowing of rye (average 2.26 heads) (p<0.05). By summarizing above results, the mixed-sowing of legume is required to improve the productivity and the feed value of rye for increasing organic livestock breeding ability in southern area of Gyeongbuk regions, and the study for identifying the appropriate fertilization level using livestock excretions is further necessary.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer on the growth and yield of chinese cabbage. The experiment was conducted in a rain-shelter house which was installed in the agriculture farm. Plants were fertilized with concentrated slurry (CS), byproduct fertilizer (BF), mixture of concentrated slurry and byproduct liquid fertilizer (CS+BF), combined organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+BF) and chemical fertilizer (CF) as control. 1. The pH level of byproduct liquid was decreased from the 3rd to the 7th day and increased 9 day to 14th day, but pH of concentrated slurry (CS) was not greatly varied. EC of concentrated slurry (CS) and byproduct liquid was increased gradually during the fermentation. 2. The concentrated slurry (CS) was low in phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, rich in potassium and unbalanced as a low nitrogen and high potassium. But byproduct liquid fertilizer was balanced in nitrogen and potassium ratio. 3. The leaf number, head height, head width of chinese cabbage in treatment with organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) showed significant difference compared with control. The plant and head weight of chinese cabbage in treatment of concentrated slurry was severely decreased, but that in treatment organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) were increased 8, 10% compared with control chemical fertilizer (CF), respectively. 4. The content of $K_2O$ in plant tissue and in soil was increased after using concentrated slurry. On the other hand, mineral content of except $K_2O$ did not differ significantly between any of the treatments. In conclusion, organic and chemical fertilizer (CS+BF+N) could improve growth and head weight of chinese cabbage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.121-127
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• 2006

Microbial and nutritional characteristics of Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal (salt-fermented shrimp) were assessed. Total mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, and S. aureus counts in Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal were 3.48-5.42, 2.22-2.95, and 0.58-2.51 $log_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. Yeast and mold were detected only in Ohjeot (1.99 $log_{10}CFU/g$) and Yookjeot (1.47 $log_{10}CFU/g$). B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, Vibrio spp. and E. coli were not detected in Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal, which contained abundant macrominerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K), with Na showing highest content. Palmitic acid content was higher than those of other saturated fatty acids. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents were higher than those of other poly unsaturated fatty acids. Results showed Kwangchun shrimp Jeotgal is safe microbiologically with abundant nutritional components.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Recently, according as people who have sensitive skin increase, we've been giving more importance to the safety of cosmetics. Especially, preservative is known to be one of the main stimuli which cause side-effects of cosmetics. However, there have been few reports describing cell cytotoxicity, skin penetration, oil-aqueous phase partition, anti-microbial activity of preservatives and their correlation with skin irritation. The study is aimed to develop low irritable preservative system with phenoxyethanol, one of the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics, considering various factors mentioned above. According to our results of cell cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblasts by means of MTT assay, phenoxyethanol showed the lowest cytotoxicity when compared to other preservatives tested (cytotoxicity: pro-pylparaben > butylparaben > ethylparaben > methylparaben > triclosan > phenoxyethanol), but human patch test for assessing shin primary irritation revealed that phenoxyethanol has higher skin irritation than methylparaben and triclosan. We performed in vitro skin penetration test using horizontal Franz diffusion cells with skin membrane prepared from hairless mouse (5 ${\~}$ 8 weeks, male) to evaluate the rate of skin penetration of preservatives. From the results, we found that the higher irritable property of phenoxyethanol in human skin correlates with its predominant permeability (skin penetration: phenoxyethanol > methylparaben > ethylparaben > propylparaben > butylfaraben > triclosan). Therefore, we made an effort to reduce skin permeability of phenoxyethanol and found that not only the rate of skin penetration of phenoxyethanol but also its skin irritation is dramatically reduced in formulas containing oils with low polarity. In the experiments to investigate the effect of oil polarity on the oil-aqueous phase partition of phenoxyethanol, more than $70\%$ of phenoxyethanol was partitioned in aqueous phase in formulas containing oils with low polarity, while about $70 {\~} 90\%$ of phenoxyethanol was partitioned in oil phase in formulas containing oils with high polarity. Also, in aqueous phase phenoxyethanol showed greater anti-microbial activity. Conclusively, it appears that we can develop less toxic preservative system with reduced use dosage of phenox-yethanol and its skin penetration by changing oil composition in formulas.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.1 s.49
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• pp.17-23
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• 2005

We had previously reported that Selina (selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one) was isolated from methanol extract of Afractylodes rhizome and has strong whitening activity in B16 melanoma cells. In this report, we demonstrated its action mechanism in melan-a cells, non-tumorigenic melanocytes. We also investigated the clinical efficacy of cosmetic preparation containing Selina. Selina reduced the melanin synthesis of Melan-a cells by $50\%$ at a concentration of $10 {\mu}g/mL$ without any apparent cytotoxicity. We also found that the treatment of cells with Selina decreased tyrosinase activity by $60\%$ at a concentration of $10 {\mu}g/mL$ but Selina was not a direct inhibitor of tyrosinase activities. To elucidate the action mechanism of Selina, we investigated the changes in mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 using RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. As a result, the mRNA and protein level of tyrosinase were markedly reduced at $10 {\mu}g/mL$ of Selina without any effect on TRP-1 and TRP-2. These results suggest that Selina exerts its whitening effect mainly through regulating expression of tyrosinase. A 7 week-clinical trial using formulation containing $0.2\%$ selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one with 20 volunteers resulted in statistically significant whitening effect (p < 0.05), without any adverse effect. Based on these results, Selina (selina-4(14), 7(11)-dien-8-one) can be s useful and safe ingredient for the cleanness and brightness of skin.