• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.379-389
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• 2012

Environmental issues are being paid more attention due to income growth, urban overcrowding, and population growth in Korea. Among the various environmental problems, odor damage is the one of the serious factors. To take example for food waste combination treatment in Su-young wastewater treatment plant in Busan, many complaints occurred because this plant locate around residential areas. The purpose of this work is not only to analyze odorous elements and their contributions but also to evaluate odor quotient (OQ), sum of odor quotient (SOQ), and treatment efficiency of bio-filter. The results of dilution sensory test of complex odor, grinder, leachate, hopper indicated higher order complex odors happen in July and August. The main odorous elements consisted of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methly mercaptan and acetaldehyde, which were analyzed by instrumental detection method, and methyl mercaptan was exceeded over 3,571 times of threshold. In addition, result of contribution of odor was methyl mercaptan (49.95 to 59.08%), hydrogen sulfide (20.43 to 29.27%), trimethylamine (8.82 to 13.42%) and acetaldehyde (9.17 to 11.35%). Other facilities were compared with the contribution of the odor using OQ and SOQ during the process. Sulfur compounds, acetaldehyde, and trimethylamine are high contribution of odor using OQ as well as odor intensity of grinding process is highest. As a result, sulfur compounds (e.g., methyl mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide) are highest for OQ and SOQ of grinding process is highest as 7,067. The removal efficiency of deodorization equipment was more than 90.00% in ammonia and amines, but the average efficiency of sulfur compounds was 53.51%. Thus, this facility is more higher contribution of acetaldehyde and trimethylamine than other treatment facilities. And food waste treatment in environmental area needs to consider appropriate capacity and refers to other bio-filter operating conditions.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

Ozone from a pilot-scale ozone generator was treated on fermented pig liquid manure stored in a storage tank in order to reduce odor substances during the process of fermented liquid manure production. The group of ozone treatment showed one less than the organic matter compared that of the control. The preferable condition for characteristic changes was when the ratio of BOD to COD was less than 1.5. Ozone treatment showed better oxidizing power than control as it removed more suspended solids and had less methyl isobutyl ketone(P<0.05). Odor reduction measured by olfactory method was higher in ozone treatment than in control.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.134-136
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• 2007

익산공단 내에 입주해 있는 업종별 주요사업장에서의 배출원과 인근 도심에 산재한 일반 VOCs배출원들 중 일부 주요배출원에서의 시료를 canister로 채취한 후 악취 및 광화학산화물 생성에 연관된 주요 VOCs의 성분과 농도를 측정, 분석하였다. 또한 공단 중심부에 위치한 지점과 공단 외 지역 풍하 측에 위치한 인근 주거지의 환경대기(ambient air) 농도와 성분조사를 병행하여 조사지점 간의 배출특성을 분석, 공단 내와 인근 대기질의 VOCs의 성분과 농도 특성을 비교하였다. 분석된 측정자료에 의해 범용적으로 사용되고 있는 수용모델을 수행하였으며, 연구결과 추정된 배출기여도 분석은 공단지역의 주요 배출원이 주변지역에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 효율적인 배출원을 관리하고 지역대기환경을 개선하기 위한 기초자료로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.364-374
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• 2013

The major ten odorous compounds have been analyzed from four swine facilities in Jeju Island, in order to investigate the emission characteristics and odor contribution by different ventilation systems and manure treating types. From the study, the concentrations of $NH_3$ and TMA were high at the enclosed ventilation and scraper type facilities in winter season, and the sulfur compounds ($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS, DMDS) as well as volatile fatty acids (PA, n-BA, n-VA, iso-VA) showed high concentrations at the enclosed ventilation type facilities during winter season. The concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur compounds were high at slurry manure treat facilities. However, the volatile fatty acids (VFA) were relatively high in the scraper type swine facilities. The odor quotients of n-BA were high at four swine facilities, therefore the volatile fatty might be considered as the major odor causing compounds. Moreover the sum of odor quotient (SOQ) was high at the enclosed ventilation and scraper type facilities, and the odor contributions by volatile fatty acids were high in all swine facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

The usage of efficient microorganism (EM) is increasing in concern for server purposes including odor removal during carcasses degradation. In this study, we have studied the type of soil and its effect on efficient microorganisms for the removal of odorous gases during buried carcasses degradation in lab-scale reactor. The carcasses are buried in the reactor with various soil types such as normal soil, 20% sandy and 20% clay soil with the efficient microorganism KEM. The efficient microorganisms KEM have the ability to stabilize the degradation of carcasses of the burial site. We have focused on the analysis of odorous gases such tri-methylamine (TMA), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), and methane ($CH_4$) along with the changes of microbial community changed during complete degradation of buried carcasses for a year. The results suggested that the 20% sandy soil contain lesser level of $H_2S$ and MM (0.09 and 0.35 mg) but 20% clay has higher nitrogen compound removing effect and leave only less amount of ammonia and TMA (0.31 and 2.06 mg). The 20% sandy soil also has the ability to breakdown the carcasses more quality compared with other types of soil. Based on the data obtained in this study suggesting that, the use of 20% sandy soil can effectively control sulfur compounds whereas 20% clay soil controls nitrogen compounds in the buried soil. Depending on the type of the soil, the dominant of microbial communities and the distribution was change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1006-1012
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• 2008

The effect of small and medium scale shipyard operations on environmental pollutions related with civil appeal of nearby residential areas was estimated. PM-10(particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 $\mu$m) concentrations were higher, as the sampling sites were nearer from shipyards. PM-10 concentrations of sampling sites closer to shipbuilding companies were higher during the normal operation periods than on vacation at which only small works were done. The larger amount of dry deposition was observed as the sampling sites were closer to shipyards. The odor intensity was highly influenced by ambient temperature. Almost all odor intensities measured by air dilution sensory test went over the emission standard in summer. Odor properties measured by instrumental analysis were observed to exceed the emission standard enforced to the shipyards. Odor compounds such as ammonia, sulfur compounds and trimethylamine went over the standard. Concentrations of styrene and aldehydes were lower than the olfactory threshold. All equivalent sound levels measured at daytime except the value of SP-3 pont were in excess of the environmental standard. Almost all sound levels at nighttime in all measuring sites were higher than the environmental standard. The results of this study shows counterplans need to be established for reducing the civil appeal related pollutions in the research areas.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2004

In this study, analytical characteristics of S gas detection technique were investigated against four major reduced S compounds (including hydrogen sulfide; methyl mercaptan; dimethyl sulfide (DMS); and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)). To analyze such properties, an analytical system was constructed by combining the GC/PFPD system with the loop injection method. The results of our analysis indicated that response behavior of S gases differs greatly between compounds; H2S exhibited the weakest sensitivity of all compounds, while DMDS with two S-atom compounds the strongest sensitivity. To learn more about their response behavior on GC/PFPD method, their calibration patterns were compared using the three arbitrarily set concentration ranges of low, intermediate, and high. The results showed that calibration patterns of each compound are distinguished because of different factors. There was a line of evidence that calibration of $H_2S$ was affected noticeably by adsorptive loss within the system, whereas those of DMS and DMDS were influenced most sensitively by such factor as the linearity response at a given PMT voltage setting. The overall results of our study suggest that quantification of malordorous S compounds require a better knowledge of compound-specific response behavior against GC detection.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2012

A list of volatile fatty acids (VFA) including propionic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, etc. is well known for offensive odorants. The analysis of odorant VFA is a highly delicate task due to high reactivity and unstable recovery rate. At present, analytical methods of VFA are recommended to include alkali impregnation filter method and alkali absorption method by the malodor prevention law of the Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE). In this review, a survey has been made to explore various approaches available for the analysis of VFA to include both official methods of the KMOE and others. In light of the unreliability of those established analytical methods, it is highly desirable to develop some substituting methods for VFA. Among such options, one may consider such option as sorbent tube (ST) sampling and cryogenic trapping-thermal desorption technique. Moreover, procedures used for standard preparation, sampling steps, and instrumental detection stage are also evaluated. Application of container sampling (like Tedlar bag) is however not recommendable due to significant (sorptive) loss in sampling and in storage stage. In the detection stage, the use of GC/MS is recommendable to replace GC/FID due to the presence of diverse interfering substances. Thus, it is essential to properly establish the basic quality assurance (QA) for VFA analysis in air.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.242-248
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• 2007

To find a feasibility of utilization of food waste slurry (FWS) generated during composting, FWS was combined with pig manure slurry (PMS) in various ratios and the change of nutrient contents and offensive odor of the combined slurries before and after fermentation were studied. The initial pH was 7.67 for PMS and 8.45 for FWS. However, during the fermentation, pH increased in the combined slurries with the higher FWS rate among the treatments while decreased in thosewith higher PMS rate. EC of each slurry sample showed that the difference among combined slurry samples has been reduced during fermentation and became stabilized in $21{\sim}23dS\;m^{-1}$ after 180 days. After 180 days fermentation, total nitrogen (T-N) decreased. T-N of mixture with a half and more FWS decreased up to 0.1%, less than the critical level (0.3%). The contents of O.M., T-N, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased with fermentation while those of potash and salinity increased. From initial fermentation until 30 days, a lot of $NH_3$, as an offensive odor, was produced. However, it decreased steadily, except in higher PMS rate. In terms of producing $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of $NH_3$, the top layer took 30 days after fertilization with FWS only, 45 days for utilized treatment with F75 (25 % of PMS), 75 days for utilized with F50 (50%) and F25 (75%) and 90 days for PMS only, respectively. $RNH_2$ also had similar trend with $NH_3$ but it was produced continuously as long fermentation proceeded. In terms of $RNH_2$, the decrease in concentration up to $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ were; 45 days for FWS only(F100), 105 days for F75 utilization, 120 daysfor F50, 165 days for F25, respectively. ethyl mercaptan was produced in PMS until 180 days after fertilization but it was not produced in FWS. Sensory tests as an integrated test of offensive odor were also done. FWS showed lower than 1 after 30 days from initial fermentation, while PMS had still offensive odor even up to 180 days from initial fermentation. It is probably affected by the continuous production of ethyl mercaptan and amines. However, considering in decrease T-N content caused by volatilization while offensive odor intensity according to official standard of fertilizer is lower than 2. Further study on controlling offensive odor needs to be done.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.307-312
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• 1999

현재 우리나라에서 매년 생산되는 농산부산물은 볏짚, 왕겨 등이 주를 이루는데 에너지원으로서 적당한 것은 왕겨이다 하지만 왕겨는 단순히 농업의 부산물로 여겨질 정도로 농민들의 소득증대에의 기여도가 매우 낮다. 또한 왕겨는 내외피가 규소로 치밀하게 피복되어 있으므로 부식퇴기 어려움에도 불구하고 왕겨를 축사의 깔개로 이용 후 퇴비화함에 따라 농지내 왕겨 환원속도가 부식속도 보다 빨라서 토양속에 미부식 왕겨가 누적되어 농지내 토양환경을 열악하게 하고 있으며 왕겨를 축사내 깔개로 이용함에 따라 어린 가축의 생육장애 등이 제기피고 있으며 장래에는 악취로 인한 대기오염 문제와 가축의 질병 문제 등이 추가로 제기될 가능성이 많다. (중략)