• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.20
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• pp.251-307
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• 2010

Manbojeonseo, a kind of an encyclopedia published several times in Ming Ch'ing dynasty, includes useful information for scholars and common people on daily lives. In 1720, Manbojeonseo was first introduced to Joseon(朝鮮) dynasty by the diplomatic corps visiting Ch'ing dynasty, and widely circulated in the society as an useful information magazine or an individual collection of reference book. Since Manbojeonseo includes the systematically-organized contents of Geumdoron(琴道論, a theory of a heptachord), it could provide a useful reference when the Geumdoron was inserted as the contents of old scores. For an instance, Obultan(五不彈), Tangeumsuji(彈琴須知), and Taeeumgibeop(太音紀法) recorded in Hangeumsinbo(韓琴新譜, 1724) clearly acknowledge Manbojeonseo as their common source. In this paper, the order and the contents of Geumdorons from four different Manbojeonseo are compared. At first, the comparative analysis of Manbojeonseo (1610) edited by Seo Giryong(徐企龍) and Manbojeonseo(1612) edited by Yu Jamyeong(劉子明) are carried out focusing on the contents of the Geumdoron, where both Manbojeonseos contain considerable amount of Geumdoron sections. The tables of the contents in both Manbojeonseos are composed of upper and lower levels classified into 4 large divisions for each. While the contents of the upper level is presumably older and focused more on the theory of the cardinal virtues, the contents of the lower one is relatively new and centered more on the skills for the real play of a heptachord(琴), the lyrics and the musical scores composed of Gamjabo(減字譜). Therefore, it could be said that the upper level is metaphysical while the lower level is physical. One of the differences between those two Manbojeonseos lies in the order and the terminology found in the large divisions. In the case of Manbojeonseo(1612), some terms in the large division represent and theoretically group the detailed descriptions in the small divisions such as 5 demands or 7 taboos in the play of the heptachord. In addition, a few lower divisions were newly added or revised in order to enhance the completeness of Geumhangmun(琴學門, study of a heptachord), and the detailed classification was revised and polished to improve the reasonableness. In Manbojeonseo(1614) composed by the same editor as Manbojeonseo(1610), the contents of the Geumdoron become much briefer than those of Manbojeonseo(1610) and Manbojeonseo(1612). In the case of Manbojeonseo(1739), a new type of the Geumdoron is included called Oeumjeongjobo(五音正操譜) while carrying a similarly brief section of the Geumdoron. Finally, the Geumdorons in Manbojeonseo and several old scores are comparatively analyzed. While the Geumbo(琴譜) owned by Gugagwon(國樂院) and Hangeumsinbo contains relatively old Geumdoron, Yuyeji(遊藝志) and Bangsanhanssigeumbo(芳山韓氏琴譜) adopt practical and relatively new Geumdorons different from the former old scores and similar to Manbojeonseo(1739) considering the order and the contents. In particular, the contents of the Geumdoron in Geumheonakbo(琴軒樂譜) is notably unique containing much of the upper and the lower levels of Manbojeonseo(1612), therefore thought to have actively adopted the contents of new Geumdorons.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.43
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• pp.79-120
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• 2021

Nagyangchun is a Dangak that has been handed down to the present time with Boheoja as a Saak of the Song Dynasty which was introduced in the Goryeo Dynasty. The title and lyrics of Nagyangchun are conveyed in the Dangakjo of Goryeosa-akji and the Jeungbomunheonbigo. The remaining scores containing Nagyangchun include Akjangyoram, Sogagwonbo Vol.4 and Vol.6 of the Joseon Dynasty and Aakbu-akbo, the 6th Aaksaeng-gyogwacheol, Leewangjikaakbu-oseonakbo during the Japanese colonial period. Besides, the current melody of Nagyangchun is based on Hangugeumak and Gugakjeonjib published by the National Gugak Center. This paper aims to examine how Nagyangchun, which is currently being performed at the National Gugak Center, went through the process of change to have the same structure and form as it is now using these scores as a research subject. The study results are summarized as follows. First, the song of Nagyangchun, which was originally Saak but transmitted as an instrumental piece without lyrics, first appeared in the Hangugeumak Vol.16 and Gugakjeonjib Vol.7 published by the National Gugak Center in 1978 and 1979. In this process, the Janggu added by Kim Ki-soo is now disappearing and is replaced by Jwago. Second, though the five notes of 黃, 太, 仲, 林, and 南 have been maintained unchanged since the Akjangyoram, the pitch of 無/應 and 夾/姑, which appear once each, gradually rises and is unified into 應 and 姑 during the period of Aaksaeng-gyogwacheol or at the latest Leewangjikaakbu-oseonakbo, and reached the present. Third, the current melody of Nagyangchun consists of a structure in which the tones and range of each phrase rises within the form of Mijeonsa (a·b·c·d) and Mihusa (e·b'·c'·d'). Particularly, except for the a-type and e-type melodies, which are the introduction for the Mijeonsa and Mihusa, the remaining melodic types show a gradually descending structure within the corresponding phrase, so the structure of ascending and descending is generally in harmony. Forth, the Ganeum that appeared from Aakbu-akbo are currently classified into seven types, and they appear in ascending pitches of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th and play a role in smoothly or fluently connecting melodic progression. Fifth, after Akjangyoram, Nagyangchun, which had been handed down as an instrumental piece without lyrics, was restored in 1960 by Lee Hye-gu, and is being passed down as the form of male and female vocals added to the instrumental accompaniment. As a result of examining the current Nagyangchun, which was formed through the process of change after Akjangyoram, it was found that there were tasks that required reconsideration of the current Nagyangchun, which is being played at the National Gugak Center, such as the arrangement of Janggu, the identification of the key, and the investigation of the lyrics. When follow-up studies are continued in the future, it will be able to contribute to the cultural transmission of Nagyangchun.

• The Korean Publising Journal, Monthly
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• s.176
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• pp.13-13
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• 1995

대중음악이 영화와 함께 당대의 문화를 규정하는 지배적인 장르이긴 하나 아직 그에 관한 '사유'의 문은 열어젖히지 못하고 있는 게 현실이다. 브로마이드성 짙은 십대 취향의 잡지나 쉴 새 없이 쏟아지는 노래악보집 정도가 고작이다. 그런 가운데 최근 젋은 이론가들이 저널리즘 지평에 속속 모습을 드러내고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.421-424
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• 2010

지금까지 전통음악분야의 현대적 구현은 민간 연주자들에 의하여 음악을 계승 발전시켜왔다. 특히 농악놀이에 현대적 해석을 가미한 사물놀이는 전통음악 현대화의 일등공신이다. 그러나 전통문화에 대한 공학적 분석은, 에밀레종의 맥놀이 분석, 징의 RIM깊이에 따른 음향의 변화 등 다양한 분야에서 이루어지고 있으나, 전통문화와 IT의 융합은 접근하는 사례가 전무한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 전통음악을 현대화시킨 사물놀이를 사물놀이 고유의 풍모를 살린 전통인형과 함께 임베디드 시스템으로 제작하고, 사물놀이 연주가 수록된 정간보를 디지털악보로 변환하여 악보 내용을 바탕으로 사물놀이 인형들이 각각 사물놀이 악기를 연주하여 사물놀이 본연의 조화를 이룰 수 있는 시스템을 구현하였다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.334-342
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• 2007

This paper presents an algorithm for the automatic detection of chord names, scales and tonalities from music file, expressed in MusicXML format which has enough information to determine harmonies vertically like 4-part choir. Chord names are absolute names which can be used and analysed independently of the tonality An algorithm selecting the best chord name is described, which can decide the most appropriate one from ambiguous situations. Candidate musical scales are extracted using the notes in a given time window. The tonalities of the music are determined using the chord names and candidate scales. The final output format of the process is also MusicXML file with chord names, marked non-harmonic notes, relative harmonic symbols and tonalities.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.36
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• pp.415-440
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• 2018

On September 23, 2015, the Ministry of Education announced the 2015 revision of educational curriculum which aimed at 'cultivating creative talents' based on the Article 23, Section 2 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Law. As a result, music curriculum have also been partially revised, which seems to maintain the 2009 revision of music curriculum. Although Jeongganbo 井間譜 is already exposed in the music curriculum for the third and forth grades of elementary school, the learning content about how to read Jeongganbo and how to express the pitch and length of sound including the origin of its name and the background of its invention are dealt with specifically in the fifth and sixth grades. Jeongganbo is known as the oldest mensural notation in the Orient created by King Sejong of the Joseon Dynasty in the middle of the $15^{th}$ century, and it was used for the first time in Sejong sillok akbo 世宗實錄樂譜 (Scores in the Annals of King Sejong), the oldest musical score still in existence. However, in the music textbooks as well as the most of specialized books related to the Korean traditional music, it is uncritically accepted without providing clear grounds that Sejong invented Jeongganbo himself. If so, it is necessary to investigate on which grounds it is claimed that Sejong invented Jeongganbo. This paper first examined the grounds of the proposition that "Sejong invented Jeongganbo," which is introduced in the music textbooks for the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school, by separating it into Sejong's creation of Sinak 新樂 (new music), Sejo's invention of Jeongganbo and Sejong's invention of Hangeul. Next, this paper examined how the subject of the invention of Jeongganbo has been described in the textbooks for the fifth and sixth grades in elementary school based on the 2009 revision of music curriculum, and suggested the direction of a desirable music education by pointing out the related problems. According to historical records and circumstances such as Sejong's creation of Sinak, Sejo's invention of Jeongganbo with 16 Jeonggan (square) in one vertical line, Sejong's invention of Hangeul and so on, it seems to be the most reasonable that Sejong is the subject of the invention of Jeongganbo as of now. However, the attitude of the musical academy to accept and educate the unclear thing as if it is a fact does not seem desirable. Therefore, I suggest that it should be described "Jeongganbo was invented in the period of Sejong" or "it is supposed that Jeongganbo was invented by Sejong" rather than presenting "Sejong made Jeongganbo" or "created" until revealing the clear evidence about the subject of Jeongganbo.

• Proceedings of the Korea Multimedia Society Conference
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• 2003.11b
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• pp.819-822
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• 2003

인터넷 기술의 급격한 발달과 함께 인터넷은 교수-학습 도구로서의 중요한 역할을 하게 되었다. 타 교과 교육과 마찬가지로 음악교육에서도 중요성이 나날이 증가하고 있다. 음악교육이 의미 있게 이루어지기 위해서는 음악에 대한 기본 개념을 이해하고 이를 바탕으로 학생 스스로가 능동적으로 참여하는 활동이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 교수방법에서 한 단계 발전하여 플래시를 활용한 교수 학습 모형을 제시하고자 한다. 텍스트와 플래시 애니메이션으로 구성된 학습내용은 아동의 적극적인 참여로 진행되도록 설계 구성하였으며 학습내용의 결과를 즉시 확인할 수 있어 텍스트위주로 학습할 때 보다 쉽게 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 플래시를 음악교과에 적극적으로 활용한다면 학습효과는 커질 것으로 예상한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04b
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• pp.700-702
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• 2001

각 나라마다 고유한 음악이 있으며 또한 그 음악을 표현하는 전통적인 방식이 존재한다. ㄱ러나 서양음악의 도입으로 우리음악의 표현까지도 서양화가 되어있다. 전통음악을 원형대로 보존하기 위해서는 선조들이 사용하였던 기보법을 사용하는 것이 올바른 일이라고 여겨지므로, 우리나라의 전통악보 중 그 우수성이 인정되는 정간보를 컴퓨터를 통하여 편리하게 처리 할 수 있는 시스템을 개발하였다. 정간보에는 악기마다 서로 다른 표현 방법들이 존재하므로, 이번 시스템은 그 중에서 단소를 위한 처리를 주된 목표로, 컴퓨터를 이용한 기보법과 오선보로의 변환, 그리고 마디신호로의 변환과 연주를 중점으로 개발하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.221-226
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• 2005

우리나라의 애국가(愛國歌), 일본(Kimigayo) 그리고 미국국가(The star-spangled Banner) 등에 대해서 악보가 갖는 고유정보를 카오스적 접근 방법인 근사엔트로피(approximate entropy)와 허스트(Hurst) 지수를 이용하여 각각 음계(scale)의 복잡도(複雜度)와 장기기억속성(長期 記憶 屬性)을 계산하여 비교하였던 바, 애국가가 상대적으로 복잡도에서 가장 높았으며, 세 국가 모두 장기 기억효과가 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 지속적인(persistent) 성향은 일본국가가 가장 컸다.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a self instrument learning tool using a PC-based software and an external electronic keyboard instrument with USB interface to help primary school students to learn playing piano more easily and effectively. The PC-based learning software and the external electronic keyboard instrument interact through the USB interface. This tool has a help window to provide information how to play and support interesting game mode for exercise. The external electronic keyboard instrument receives a selective information through the USB interface and display it on LEDs and 7-segment for novices to easily know the relation between the notes and the positions in the keyboard. The external keyboard instrument can detect false inputs, display them on LEDs and on the information window. We implemented a self instrument learning system and our feasibility tests showed its validity of the self learning tool to improve the learning efficiency.