• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.399-403
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• 2018

In this study, safety investigations on harmful microorganisms and mycotoxins were conducted on honeybee drone pupae as a new food material, which is rich in nutrients and capable of being mass produced in apiaries. The honeybee drone pupae produced in apiaries were collected from three different regions in Korea and frozen immediately. Subsequently, the samples were subjected to freeze-drying. According to the Korean Food Code test method, coliforms, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli were not detected in 280 honeybee drone pupas. In addition, mycotoxins, aflatoxin $B_1$, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were not detected. Therefore, it is proposed that the honeybee drone pupae collected from the beehives and immediately frozen as safe from harmful microorganisms and mycotoxins and can be used as a food material.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 1996

The effects of 2-arnino-3-methyIimidazo[4,5-fq]u inoline (IQ), 2-amino-6dimethyl-dipyrido[l,2-a;3',2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFBI) on the mitotic recombinations and somatic chromosome mutations were investigated using the transgenic Drosophila bearing a chimeric gene consisting of a promoter region of Drosophila actin 5C gene and rat DNA polymerase $. For investigating mitotic recombinations and the somatic chromosome mutations, the heterozygous (mwhl+) strain possessing or lacking transgene pol P was used. The spontaneous frequency of small mwh spots, due to deletion or nondisjunction etc., in the non-transgenic w strain and the transgenic plpol $1-130 strain was 0.351 and 0.606, respectively. The spontaneous frequency (0.063) of large mwh spots, arising mostly from somatic recombination between the centromere and the locus mwh, in the transgenic plpol $1-130 strain, was about three times higher than that (0.021) of the non-transgenic w strain. The mutant clone frequencies of two types induced by two heterocyclic mines (IQ and Glu-P-1) and AFBl in the transformant pbol PI-130 were two or three times higher than those in the host strain w. These mean that rat DNA polymerase P participates at least in the somatic chromosome mutations and mitotic recombination processes. And the present results suggest that the transgenic Drosophl!~ used in this study can be used as a hypersensitive, in vivo short-term assaying system for various environmental mutagens.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.111-119
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• 2013

Eleven mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 toxin, were analyzed simultaneously in rice, barley, and maize produced in 2011 by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Limits of detection (LOD) are 0.2 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxin $B_1$, and $G_1$, 0.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_2$, and $G_2$, 0.1 ${\mu}g/kg$ for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 3.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.6 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_1$, and $G_1$, 0.9 ${\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxins $B_2$, and $G_2$, 0.3 ${\mu}g/kg$ for ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin and 10.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ for deoxynivalenol and HT-2 toxin. Recoveries for 11 mycotoxins ranged from 70.45 to 111.11%. Fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zaeralenone were detected from 0.9 to 334.0 ${\mu}g/kg$ in the polished rice, barley and raw corn cultivated in Korea. Other mycotoxins were not detected. Deoxynivalenol contamination was mainly found in barley (24 out of 43 samples) and the average value in positive samples was 113.30 ${\mu}g/kg$.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.99-111
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for setting more detailed standards for baby food and to provide food information that can be used in real-world settings. We purchased 80 snacks and 40 drinks for infants and toddlers from supermarkets and online markets and analyzed tar color, artificial sweeteners, mycotoxins, and nutritional components (e.g., sucrose, sodium, and calcium). Fortunately, it was confirmed that both tar color and sodium saccharin, which do not have detection criteria for labeled foods for infants and toddlers, were not detected. However, acesulfame potassium was detected at 0.07 g/kg in one snack sample. As for myxotoxins, aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A were not detected. Fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, and zearalenone were detected in the ranges of 9.78-78.94 ㎍/kg, 5.58-11.73 ㎍/kg, and 2.96-8.83 ㎍/kg, respectively, but only in snacks. Sucrose was detected in 65 of the snacks (0.02-40.94 g/net weight [g]) and in 24 of the drinks (0.12-27.60 g/net weight [g]). Minerals were detected in most of the samples, and in four snacks, the zinc content per net exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for infants. Sixteen snacks exceeded the food standards for sodium content for infants and toddlers, but none of them were labeled as food for infants and toddlers in the product manufacturing report, such that the corresponding standards could not be applied. Therefore, it seems necessary to establish institutional improvements, such as strengthening labeling standards, so that the currently enforced standards can be appropriately applied, and establishing standards for labeled foods for infants and toddlers.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.339-345
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• 2005

Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus, parasiticus that grows in improperly stored cereals. Aflatoxin $B_1\;(AFB_1)$ is a potent hepatocarcinogen in a variety of experimental animals including human beings. In spite of a high attention to the hepatocarcinogenecity of aflatoxins, the relative toxicity of other types $(AFB_2,\;AFG_1\;and\;AFG_2)$ of the toxins is not fully clarified. Sprague-Dawley male rats were orally administered with $AFB_1,\;AFB_2,\;AFG_1\;and\;AFG_2$ at the dose of 250, 1250, and $2500\;{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. Animals were then killed at 12, 24 or 48 hrs following aflatoxin adminstration. Subsequently the relative weight of liver was measured and histopathological examination on the liver was performed. Level of 8-OxodG and expression of ras gene in the liver was determined. The relative liver weights at high doses of $AFB_1\;and\;AFG_1$ was significantly low. The treatment of $AFB_1$ at the high dose of $2500\;{\mu}g/kg$ showed vacuolar degeneration and centrilobular hepatic necrosis with inflammatory cells. The pathological changes by $AFB_2\;AFG_1,\;and\;AFG_2$ were not clearly found. The formation of 8-OxodG by $AFB_1$ increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 24 hrs after a single treatment of $AFB_1$ thereafter decreased to the level of the control. The treatments of $AFB_2\;AFG_1,\;and\;AFG_2$ showed an inconsistent pattern in the formation of 8-OxodG in the liver of rats with increasing time. The expression of ras oncogene in the liver by $AFB_1$ at the dose of $1250\;{\mu}g/kg$ was increased twice compared to the control. The treatments of $AFB_2\;AFG_1,\;and\;AFG_2$ at all doses decreased the expression of ras in the liver. These results in the present study indicate that $AFB_1$ among aflatoxins with low comparable levels is the most toxic as determined by early biomarkers such as 8-OxodG formation and ras expression. However, the levels of 8-OxodG and ras as biomarkers were not useful to predict the relative hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxins to $AFB_1$ in the present model. Further studies are required to look for other biomarkers to predict carcinogenic potency of aflatoxins.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.315-332
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• 2005

This study was conducted to assess the nutritional value and the safety of the fermented food wastes (FFW) made by adding lactobacillus spp. and bacillus spp. at the ratio of 3:7, respectively to food wastes collected everywhere, and also to determine effects on the performances, carcass characteristics and economical profitability when FFW was fed to pigs. For swine trial, FFW was formulate to pellet by utilizing different feed ingredients, and its formulated FFW pellet was used in this feeding trial. Treatments were consisted of different ratios (T1: $100+0\%$, T2: $75+25\%$, T3: $50+50\%$, T4: $25+75\%$, T5: $0+100\%$) of FFW pellet to commercial diet. A total of 20 male pigs were allotted to treatments of five groups of four pigs per pen. Experimental period lasted for 4 months. The nutritional composition of FFW was 56.7, 19.5 and $19.5\%$ for moisture, crude protein and ether extract, respectively. Salt content was $0.39\%$. Noxious microorganisms such as salmonella and E. coli were not detected in FFW, and contents of heavy metal and aflatoxin B1 were lower than the standard. Nutritional values of FFW pellet satisfied over $100\%$ of requirements presented in official Korean feeding standard for swine. Feeding trial for pigs showed that feed intakes were significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of FFW pellet. T2 treatment was ideal ratio under the consideration of economical value of feeds and body weight gain of pigs. For carcass characteristics, dressing rate ($\%$) was highest in T3, and carcass grades for T2, T3 and T4 treatments were estimated as 'A'. Feed cost for FFW per kg was ${\won}167.95$, which implies $52\%$ of commercial feed cost (${\won}350/kg$). Thus, this result implied the decreased feed cost in the swine farm. Conclusively, the utilization of food wastes as feed source may lead to the reduced environmental pollution and the practice of organic livestock farming. However, our results showed that excessive amount of fermented food wastes supplementation to pigs might give rise to their reduced palatability and delayed growth.