• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.569-578
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• 2015

With much changes in men's appearance style to pursue, beauty care activities, and pursuing value, it has been required to have researches on it. This study analyzed men's acceptance of information about beauty care and also the characteristics of each pursuing value. An online survey was conducted targeting about 500 male office workers in Seoul. In the results of the study, the pursuit of the practical value of five beauty care activities was the highest while the aesthetic value was very differently shown in accordance with the types of beauty care activities, compared to two other values. Contrary to other styles, especially, the acceptance of the skin care style was influenced by the sociocultural value, practical value, and aesthetic value. Especially, the passivity of the aesthetic value and the emphasis on the practical and sociocultural values were shown. The hair care was influenced by the practical value while the plastic surgery was influenced by the aesthetic value. In the care style area, the acceptance of skin care was only influenced by the pursuit of complex values. Regarding the marketing of each care style, the large-scale marketing campaign would be effective for the hair care while it would be necessary to seek for more aesthetic campaigns for the plastic surgery business.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 1987

본 연구는 경관선호에 관한 평가방법을 서술적으로 구명하면서 기존의 경관선호에 관한 평가방법이 자연적 요소를 많이 포함한 경관의 평가출 정착히 하는데 따르는 문제점을 제시하고 경관의 우연적 국면에 따라 경관선호의 우연성(Contingency in Landscape Preference)을 개관하면서 경관평가의 우연성(Contingency in Landscape Evaluation)에 의한 우연적 경관평가방법(Contingent Approach in Landscape Evaluation)의 가능성을 시사했다. 최근까지의 경관평가방법을 크게 분류하면 총체적(Universal) 접근방법, 개성적(Idiosyncratic) 접근방법, 조화적(Contrastic) 접근방법 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 그런데 경관성에서의 우연성을 강조함 으로써, 앞의 세방법만을 가지고서는 경관의 실체 파악이 어렵기 때문에 새로운 방법이 강구되어야 한다. 이의 한 대안으로 경관선호에 대한 평가를 우연적 접근방법으로 해결함으로써 평가영역과 평가요소를 확장시킬 수 있다. 따라서 수학적 매트릭스가 가능하다는 시사를 본 연구에서 구시하면서 새로운 평가방법으로 우연적 경관평가방법을 제시했다. 우연적 경관평가방법은 우연적 경관성에 의한 심미성을 고려하여 종합적으로 분석할 수 있으나 우연적 영역을 의도적으로 설정하지 않는 한 현실적으로 재정적 흑은 시간적 제약성을 지니고 있다. 그러나, 경관선호의 정도에 관한 평가보다는 경관의 본질을 구성하는 모든 요소를 고려한 평가가 경관선호평가에 대한 종합성을 반영할 수 있다. 경관평가의 모호성에도 불구하고 경관의 본질은 우연성에 의존한다고 본다면 우연적 경관평가방법은 크게 무리가 없다. 결국 경관은 생명성을 지니고 있기 때문에 현상으로만 볼 것이 아니라 동시적이면서 산재적 이며 상황적 다양성으로 간주해야 하며 고러란 관점을 강조한 것이 우연적 경관선호 및 경관평가에 대한 접근이라 할 수 있다.도 나타났다. 직업간의 유의성은 학생과 타 직업간에 나타났다. 직업간의 유의성은 학생과 타 직업간에 현격하게 나타났으나, 개인차를 나타내는 속성적 변수는 상호보완적인 변수기능을 수행하고 있기 때문에 다양한 행동의 설명력있는 이유로 볼 수 없다.때로는 민담에서도 풍수가 주제가 되는 경우가 있고, 일반적으로는 역사적 사실이나 인물을 통하여 취락민이지녀온 자연요소에 대한 인식관 또는 그러한 생활에서 나타나는 윤리관 등이 암암리에 표현되기도 한다. 민담을 통하여 우리는 주민들 의식 속에 남아있는 취락의 중요한 요소나 장소들을 찾아볼수 있고 더불어 이들을 중심으로 이루어 졌을지도 모를 생활모습들을 생각해볼 수 있다. 이러한 것들은 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 다른 일면 또는 때에 따라서는 극히 의도적인 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$적인 한 면모 - 그 대표적인 경우로 정원을 구성하는데 개재된 인간의 의미는 무언가를 표현 또는 표출하고자 함에 있다는 점 -라 볼수도 있을, 예로써 성리학적 사고관념으로써 집과 정사 그리고 주변 경관을 자신의 내적본직 또는 윤리적 영역으로 삼아 묘사.표현.구체화 시켜가기도 한다. 최소한 동족부락의 한두 예들에서 그러한 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$적 의도에 의한 경관구성의 일면을 확인할수 있지만 엄밀히 생각하여 보면 이러한 예의 경우도 최락의 총체적인 외형은 마찬가지로 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$의 범위를 벗어나지 않는다. 그렇기 때문에도 $\ulcorner$순응$\lrcorner$과 $\ulcorner$표현$\lrcorner$의 성격과 형태를 외형상으로 더욱이 공간상에서는 뚜렷하게

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.582-595
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• 2003

Statement of problem : Most posts are metallic, but in response to the need for a post that possesses optical properties compatible with an all-ceramic crown. an esthetic post has been developed. Although there have been many studies about the esthetic post materials, 3-dimensional finite element studies about the stress distribution of them are in rare. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate comparatively the distribution of stresses of the restored, endodontically treated maxillary incisors with the esthetic post materials and the displacement on the cement layer on simulated occlusal loading by using a 3-dimensional finite element analysis model. Material and method : Four 3-dimensional finite element models were constructed in a view of a maxillary central incisor, a post, a core, and the supporting tissues to investigate the stresses in various esthetic posts and cores and the displacement on the cement layer (Model 1 ; Cast gold post and core, Model 2 ; Glass fiber post with composite core, Model 3 ; Zirconia post with composite core. Model 4 ; Zirconia post with ceramic core). Force of 300N was applied to the incisal edge and the cingulum (centric stop point) with the angle of 135-degree to the long axis of the tooth. Results : 1. The stresses and displacement on the incisal edge were higher than on the cingulum 2. The stresses in dentin were the highest in Model 2 (Glass fiber post with composite core), and the second was Model 3, the third Model 1, and the lowest Model 4. 3. The stresses in post and core were the highest in Model 4 (Zirconia post with ceramic core), and the second was Model 1, the third Model 3, and the lowest Model 2. 4. The displacement on the cement layer was the highest in Model 2 (Glass fiber post with composite core), and the second was Model 3, the third Model 1, and the lowest Model 4. Conclusion : When a functional maximum bite force was applied, the distribution of stresses or the esthetic post and core materials and the displacement on the cement layer were a little different. It seems that restoring extensively damaged incisors with esthetic post and core materials would be decided according to the remaining tooth structure.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2004

INTRODUCTION: The build-up method has been used for application of porcelain powder on the metal framework to make final tooth shape conventionally. This method takes time and need skill to mimic final shade and shape of porcelain fused to metal crown. The purpose of this study was to develop standard shape and shade laminating porcelain forms to reduce build-up time. METHODS: To make tooth form porcelain paste, several liquid organic compounds were added to conventional feldspathic porcelain. The amount of additives and rheologic property were tested to find out best composition. Comparison of mixing methods to reduced porosity, proper heating schedule, and measurement of shrinkage amount and residual organic materials were performed to set-up standard procedures. Finally, biaxial flexural strength and color of preformed laminated paste porcelain were compared with those of porcelain which fabricated by the conventional build-up method. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in physical properties and color stability between two fabrication methods after various testing methods. Conclusion: This new build-up method can be applied to fabricate the PFM crown and bridge without any loss of strength and optical properties.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.455-463
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• 2011

Conventional construction technologies have been continually applied without consideration of its impact to the environment. This resulted to various problems including the negative responses of local citizens that regarded some constructed facilities as aversive facilities causing environmental and hydraulic problems in the urban area, etc. To prevent these problems, therefore, alternative methods should be undertaken. A new approach termed "Low Impact Development (LID)" technology is currently adapted in developed countries around the world. This study aims to investigate the efficiency of the developed small constructed wetland (SCW) with horizontal subsurface flow as a LID technique applicable in urban areas. Two test-bed facilities were constructed and monitoring had been conducted between July 2010 and June 2011. Based on the findings, the removal efficiencies achieved for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb for the SCW-1 were 66, 53, 46, 55, 67 and 50%, respectively. On the other hand, the SCW-2 attained 82, 62, 51, 48, 74 and 42% efficiency for TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Fe, Total Pb, respectively. The results indicated that the removal of particulate matter and heavy metals which are considered as main pollutants from stormwater runoff in urban areas was satisfactory in the system. Therefore, the test-beds proved to be appropriate for the treatment of pollutants in urban landuses such as road, parking lot, etc. The results of this study can contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and restoration of natural water cycle in the urban areas.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-120
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• 1996

복합레진은 조작이 용이하고 강도가 우수하며 중합시간이 짧고 법랑질과 상아질에 접착이 가능하며 연마성이 뛰어나고 자연스러운 색상을 나타내므로 심미적 수복에 가장 일반적으로 선택되는 재료의 하나이다. 대부분의 복합레진 kit에는 shade guide가 포함되어 있어 이를 기준으로 중합된 후의 복합레진 색조를 예상하여 선택하게 된다. 그러나 이러한 shade guide들은 대개 복합레진이 아닌 plastic으로 제조된 것으로 중합된 복합레진의 실제 색조와는 차이가 생기게 되며 결국 shade guide 자체의 문제점으로 인해 이상적인 색조선택이 어려워진다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내에 시판되고 있는 5종의 복합레진 제품을 선정하여 분광 광도계를 이용해서 shade guide와 중합된 복합레진 사이의 색조차이를 측정, 비교 연구하였다. 직경 16mm. 두께 1.6mm의 plastic mold에 5종의 광중합형 복합레진(Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus, Herculite XR)을 충전하고 응축기에 넣어 압축한 후 제조사의 지시에 따라 광중합기로 중합시킨 후 mold에서 시편을 제거하여 보관했다가 젖은 sandpaper 상에서 순차적으로 연마하였다. shade guide는 step부분을 갈아내어 복합레진 시편과 동일한 두께로 만든후 연마하였다. 분광광도계에 shade guide를 넣고 CIE illuminant D65 하에서 spectral reflectance를 측정하고 해당 색조의 복합레진 시편도 통일한 방법으로 측정하고 $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$값과 ${\Delta}E^*$값을 얻은후 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Z100의 D3, A3, B2 shade와 Prisma TPH의 B2 shade를 제외한 모든 시편에서 shade guide와 복합레진간에 육안으로 인지할 수 있는 색차(${\Delta}E^*$ > 1.0)가 관찰되었다. 2. 평균적으로 Z100이 가장 적은 색차를 나타내었고 Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus, Herculite XR 순으로 색차가 증가하였다. 3. Prisma TPH의 A2 shade. Tetric의 W shade. Silux Plus의 YB, U shade, Herculite XR의 L, LY shade는 ${\Delta}E^*$값이 3.3 이상으로 나타났다. 4. Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus에서는 복합레진보다 shade guide가 더 높은 $L^*$값을 보이는 경향이 나타났으며, Herculite XR에서만 복합레진이 더 높은 $L^*$값을 나타냈다. 5. 모든 시편에서 $b^*$ 값은 (+)로 관찰되었고, Z100, Prisma TPH, Tetric, Silux Plus의 shade guide는 복합레진에 비해 높은 $b^*$값을 보였다. 6. 모든 시편에서 $a^*$값은 (-)로 관찰되었고. Herculite XR 및 Silux Plus에서는 복합레진이 shade guide 에 비 해 낮은 $a^*$값을 나타냈다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 1986

To determine contents of general constituents of Ganoderma lucidum in Korea, the dried carpophores were analyzed. The contents of water, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and crude cellulose were 14.6, 2.0, 3.3, 23.6, and 59.0%, respectively. Among reducing sugars, maltose was the most abundant. Seventeen free amino acids were detected, showing alanine the highest value. The pH of hot water extract was 4.1-4.2. The spores of Ganoderma lucidum was flat and ovoidal long. Their size was $6.3-7.1{\times}3.5-4.3{\times}2.0-2.5\;{\mu}m$ long. To examine effects of life span against sarcoma-180 cells, Fractions A, B and C, were obtained from the extract of Ganoderma lucidum. The survival rates of Fractions A, B and C were 131.7, 162.5, and 141.7 %, respectively. In addition, to examine effects of Fraction B on cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity (=DTH) test was conducted. It restored the suppressed DTH in the sarcoma-180 bearing group up to 66.7%.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.1 s.59
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• pp.69-80
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• 2005

So far, there have been mary studies on human emotions and the emotional side of products in the field of emotional engineering. Contemporary emotion-related researches have focused mainly on the relationship between product aesthetics and the emotional responses elicited by the products, but little is known about emotions elicited from using the products. In this study we have extracted some emotional words that can come up during user interaction with a product and reveal emotional changes. Firstly, we assembled a set of emotional words that were sufficient to represent a general overview of Korean emotions, collected from various literature studies in the field of psychology, linguistics, emotional engineering. Secondly, we found emotional words from collecting user opinion on the website. In this study, we used heavy traffic websites such as shopping mall and mania sites. Finally the emotional words were collected from verbal protocols by using Think Aloud technique. The collected words were integrated according to standards and they were applied on evaluation survey twice for evaluating their appropriateness. This survey was conducted for identification of emotional expressions while using a product. Finally, we extracted 88 emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed while using products. And we categorized the 88 words to form 6 groups by using factor analysis. The 6 categories that were extracted as a result of this study, such as aesthetics, satisfaction in usability, novelty, uncomfortable- ness, pleasure and excellence were found to be user's representative emotions expressed while using products. It is expected that emotional words and user's representative emotions extracted in this study will be used as subjective evaluation data that is required to measure user's emotional changes while using a product.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2015

In 2014, the city of Seoul revised the ordinance regarding water-cycle restoration in the Seoul Metropolitan areas by incorporating the 'Low Impact Development (LID)' policy. The new ordinance plan will utilize 630 mm or almost 45 to 50% of annual rainfall until 2050 by means of providing a rainwater management system consisting of infiltration, retention and vegetation. The LID is believed to be the key to achieving the target requirements, specifically in development projects. This research was performed to evaluate the stormwater runoff and pollutant reduction performance of three different LID facilities (water circulation facilities) including an infiltration inlet, bioretention swale, and permeable pavement constructed in Seoul City. Results show that among the water circulation facilities, the permeable pavement achieved the highest runoff reduction as it was able to entirely capture and infiltrate the runoff to the ground. However, in order to attain a long-term performance it is necessary to manage the accumulated sediment and trapped pollutants in the landscape areas through other water circulation techniques such as through soil erosion control. In terms of pollutant reduction capability, the infiltration inlet performed well since it was applied in highly polluted areas. The bioretention facility integrating the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms of soil, microorganisms and plants were able to also achieve a high runoff and pollutant reduction. The water circulation facilities provided not only benefits for water circulation but also various other benefits such as pollutant reduction, ecological restoration, and aesthetic functions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.176-182
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• 2018

One of the most important factor of esthetic prosthesis is the color of the teeth. Zirconia is produced in the process of design, milling, coloring, drying, and sintering. The effect of the drying degree of zirconia colorant on the color tone is examined. For the experiment, a total of 45 zirconia specimens(15 for each) were fabricated by using cad/cam system. The zirconia specimens(L block(LAZOR), Z block(Zircos-E block posterior), A block(AlphaZ)) were then subjected to zirconia sintering in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, using a chemical coloring agent to Non-drying(0sec), intermediate (10sec), and completely dried (10min) temperature holding times. The color tone was measured using a spectrophotometer. The results were analyzed with a One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post-hoc test (${\alpha}=.05$) The $L^*$ values of L, A specimens, $a^*$ values of A specimens, and $b^*$ values of Z specimens were not statistically different according to the degree of drying (p>0.05), While the $L^*$ value of Z specimen, $a^*$ value of L, Z specimen, $b^*$ values of L, A specimens were statistically different according to the degree of drying(p <0.05). In conclusion, the drying of zirconia colourants improves zirconia brightness and increases the optical properties of the enamel.