• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2018

This study was performed to determine optimal extraction conditions of fermented Polygonum multiflorum root by Lentinula edodes (JMI10079) Pegler mycelials using response surface methodology. The independent factors were extraction temperature (X1: $40-100^{\circ}C$), extraction time (X2: 2-10 hrs.), and the ratio of water to sample (X3: 33-100 mg/mL). Their effects were assessed on dependent variables of the extract properties, which included soluble solid contents (Y1), $^{\circ}Brix$ of sample extract (Y2), total polyphenol content (Y3), total flavonoid content (Y4), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation scavenging activity (Y5) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (Y6). The experimental data obtained were fit to a second-order polynomial equation. The optimal extraction conditions for fermented P. multiflorum root were: X1: $91.22^{\circ}C$, X2: 7.72 hrs, and X3: 39.71 mg/mL.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2018

In this study, we analyze the growth environment using smart farm technology in order to develop the optimal growth model for the precision cultivation of the bottle-grown oyster mushroom 'Suhan'. Experimental farmers used $88m^2$ of bed area, 2 rows and 5 columns of shelf shape, 5 hp refrigerator, 100T of sandwich panel for insulation, 2 ultrasonic humidifiers, 12 kW of heating, and 5,000 bottles for cultivation. Data on parameters such as temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, and illumination, which directly affect mushroom growth, were collected from the environmental sensor part installed at the oyster mushroom cultivator and analyzed. It was found that the initial temperature at the time of granulation was $22^{\circ}C$ after the scraping, and the mushroom was produced and maintained at about $25^{\circ}C$ until the bottle was flipped. On fruiting body formation, mushrooms were harvested while maintaining the temperature between $13^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Humidity was approximately 100% throughout the growth stage. Carbon dioxide concentration gradually increased until 3 days after the beginning of cultivation, and then increased rapidly to approximately 2,600 ppm. From the 6th day, $CO_2$ concentration was gradually decreased through ventilation and maintained at 1,000 ppm during the harvest. Light was not provided at the initial stage of oyster mushroom cultivation. On the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ day, mushrooms were irradiated by 17 lux light. Subsequently, the light intensity was increased to 115-120 lux as the growth progressed. Fruiting body characteristics of 'Suhan' cultivated in a farmhouse were as follows: Pileus diameter was 30.9 mm and thickness was 4.5 mm; stipe thickness was 11.0 mm and length was 76.0 mm; stipe and pileus hardness was 0.8 g/mm and 2.8 g/mm, respectively; L values of the stipe and pileus were 79.9 and 52.3, respectively. The fruiting body yield was 160.2 g/850 ml, and the individual weight was 12.8 g/10 unit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.783-788
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• 2016

Excessive intake of trans fats is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we showed that green tea extract lowers intestinal absorption of cholesterol and elaidic acid in rats. This study was conducted to investigate a possible role for sorghum extract on lymphatic absorption of trans fat and cholesterol in rats. Adult male rats with lymph cannulae were infused at a rate of 3.0 mL/h for 8 h via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing $146.4{\mu}mol$ of trielaidin, $36.8{\mu}mol$ of trilinoelaidin, $452.0{\mu}mol$ of triolein, $1.0{\mu}Ci$ cholesterol labeled with $^{14}C$ ($^{14}C-cholesterol$), $20.7{\mu}mol$ of cholesterol, and $396.0{\mu}mol$ of Na-taurocholate without or with 100.0 mg of sorghum extract in phosphate-buffered saline buffer (pH 6.4). Lymph was collected hourly for 8 h. No significant difference was noted in lymph flow. However, the lymphatic absorption of elaidic acid and linoelaidic acid for 8 h was significantly lower in rats infused with sorghum extract than in those infused with no sorghum extract. Further, lymphatic absorption of $^{14}C-cholesterol$ was reduced by sorghum extract, which was observed previously. These data indicate that sorghum extract has an inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of trans fat and cholesterol. The mechanism(s) by which sorghum extract lowers intestinal absorption of trans fat warrants further study.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 2011

Following the proliferation of three-dimensional video contents and displays, many terrestrial broadcasting companies have been preparing for stereoscopic 3DTV service. In terrestrial stereoscopic broadcast, it is a difficult task to code and transmit two video sequences while sustaining as high quality as 2DTV broadcast due to the limited bandwidth defined by the existing digital TV standards such as ATSC. Thus, a terrestrial 3DTV broadcasting with a heterogeneous video codec system, where the left image and right images are based on MPEG-2 and H.264/AVC, respectively, is considered in order to achieve both high quality broadcasting service and compatibility for the existing 2DTV viewers. Without significant change in the current terrestrial broadcasting systems, we propose a joint rate control scheme for stereoscopic 3DTV service based on the heterogeneous dual codec systems. The proposed joint rate control scheme applies to the MPEG-2 encoder a quadratic rate-quantization model which is adopted in the H.264/AVC. Then the controller is designed for the sum of the left and right bitstreams to meet the bandwidth requirement of broadcasting standards while the sum of image distortions is minimized by adjusting quantization parameter obtained from the proposed optimization scheme. Besides, we consider a condition on maintaining quality difference between the left and right images around a desired level in the optimization in order to mitigate negative effects on human visual system. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed bit rate control scheme outperforms the rate control method where each video coding standard uses its own bit rate control algorithm independently in terms of the increase in PSNR by 2.02%, the decrease in the average absolute quality difference by 77.6% and the reduction in the variance of the quality difference by 74.38%.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2012

We explore the effect of removal of organic ligand on the atomic configurations around oxygen in hydroxyl groups in amorphous silica gel (synthesized through hydrolysis of $SiCl_4$ in diethyl-ether) using high resolution $^{17}O$ solid state NMR spectroscopy. $^1H$ and $^{29}Si$ MAS NMR spectra for amorphous silica gel showed diverse hydrogen environments including water, hydroxyl groups (e.g., hydrogen bonded silanol, isolated silanol), and organic ligands (e.g., alkyl chain) that may interact with surface hydroxyls in the amorphous silica gel, for instance, forming silica-organic ligand complex (e.g., Si-$O{\cdots}R$). These physically and chemically adsorbed organic ligands were partly removed by ultrasonic cleaning under ethanol and distilled water for 1 hour. Whereas $^{17}O$ MAS NMR spectra with short pulse length ($0.175{\mu}s$) at 9.4 T and 14.1 T for as-synthesized amorphous silica gel showed the unresolved peak for Si-O-Si and Si-OH structures, the $^{17}O$ MAS NMR spectra with long pulse length ($2{\mu}s$) showed the additional peak at ~0 ppm. The peak at ~0 ppm may be due to Si-OH structure with very fast relaxation rate as coupled to liquid water molecules or organic ligands on the surface of amorphous silica gel. The observation of the peak at ~0 ppm in $^{17}O$ MAS NMR spectra for amorphous silica gel became more significant as the organic ligands were removed. These results indicate that the organic ligands on the surface of amorphous silica gel interact with oxygen atoms in Si-OH and provide the information about atomic structure of silanol and siloxane in amorphous silica gel. The current results could enhance the understanding of dehydration mechanism of diverse silicates, which is known as atomic scale origins of intermediate depth (approximately, 70~300 km) earthquakes in subduction zone.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the antiangiogenic effects of As₄O/sub 6/ to those of As₂O₃ on the rat corneal micropocket model induced by VEGF. 20 ng VEGF impregnated pellets were used for angiogenic inducer on the rat cornea micropocket assay in this study. After ophthalmoscopic examination, Sprague-Dawley rats with normal cornea were implanted VEGF pellet. Total 60 eyes were used in this study. Control group only received VEGF pellet, As₂O₃ group followed oral administration of As₂O₃ at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day after VEGF pellet implantation and As₄O/sub 6/ group followed oral administration of As₄O/sub 6/ at a dose of 50 mg/kg per day after VEGF pellet implantation were classified. The eyes were examined under a surgical microscope daily on postoperative from day 3 to day 9 after pellet implantation. The number, length, clock hour of vascularization, and area of vessels in As₄O/sub 6/ group were significantly less evident than those of control group and As₂O₃ group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, As₄O/sub 6/ had better antiangiogenic effects on the new vessel induced by VEGF in the rat cornea.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2010

Selenium is an essential micronutrient for normal body function and functions as an essential constituent of selenoproteins. This study was carried out to investigate effect of selenium on the formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor formation in a mouse model. Five-week old ICR mice were acclimated for one week and fed different selenium diet (0.02, 0.1, and 0.5 ppm) for 12 weeks. Animals received three intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg B.W. in saline for 3 weeks), followed by 2% dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water for a week. There were four experimental groups, including a normal control group and three different selenium levels groups. After sacrifice, the total numbers of aberrant crypt (AC) and ACF were measured in the colonic mucosa after methylene blue staining. The number of tumors was noted for tumor incidence. Liver selenium concentration was measured using ICP-AES method. Gutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was determined using a GPx assay kit in the liver and colon. TUNEL assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining were performed to examine the cell apoptosis and cell proliferation, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of $\beta$-catenin was also performed on the mucous membrane tissue of colon. The activity of GPx in the liver and colon was decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group while it was increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. Apoptotic positive cells were increased in the selenium-overloaded diet group but decreased in the selenium-deficient diet group. PCNA staining area was decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. In addition, the $\beta$-catenin protein level in the selenium-deficient diet group was increased but decreased in the selenium-overloaded diet group. These results indicate that dietary selenium might exert a modulating effect on colon cancer by inhibiting the development of ACF and colon tumor formation in this mouse model.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.316-320
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• 2008

This study examined the combined plant extracts (FGF271) of Estromon in ovariectomized (OVX) rats to determine whether Estromon's significant clinical improvement effects on menopausal symptoms are predominantly due to the phytoestrogenic action of the combined extracts. The results showed that all three FGF271-treated groups had significantly improved serum osteocalcin levels as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, all FGF271- and Estromon-treated groups had increases in femoral bone mineral density (FBMD) (p<0.05), and the increase in the FGF271 group was dose-dependent. A pairwise comparison of the FGF271- and Estromon-treated groups receiving the same dosage of FGF271 indicated that there was no significant difference between the groups. Therefore, the FBMD increases that occurred in the Estromon groups were solely attributable to the phytoestrogenic effects of FGF271. It was conclude that the phytoestrogenic effects of Estromon, as shown in clinical studies, are predominantly caused by FGF271, the mixed extracts of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.133-144
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• 2016

In this study, Frequency Domain Reflectometry (FDR) and COSMIC-ray soil moisture (SM) stations were installed at Sungkyunkwan University in Suwon, South Korea. To provide reliable information about SM, soil property test, time series analysis of measured soil moisture, and comparison of measured SM with satellite-based SM product are conducted. In 2014, six FDR stations were set up for obtaining SM. Each of the stations had four FDR sensors with soil depth from 5 cm to 40 cm at 5~10 cm different intervals. The result showed that study region had heterogeneous soil layer properties such as sand and loamy sand. The measured SM data showed strong coupling with precipitation. Furthermore, they had a high correlation coefficient and a low root mean square deviation (RMSD) as compared to the satellite-based SM products. After verifying the accuracy of the data in 2014, four FDR stations and one COSMIC-ray station were additionally installed to establish the Soil Moisture site with FDR and COSMIC-ray, called SM-FC. COSMIC-ray-based SM had a high correlation coefficient of 0.95 compared with mean SM of FDR stations. From these results, the SM-FC will give a valuable insight for researchers into investigate satellite- and model-based SM validation study in South Korea.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.197-204
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• 2019

In this study, smart farm technology was used by farmers cultivating 'CHIKUMASSHU T-011' in order to develop an optimal growth model for the precision cultivation of bottle-grown winter mushroom and the results of the same are mentioned herein. Farmers participating in the experiment used 60 ㎡ of bed area with 4 rows and 13 columns of shelf shape, 20 horsepower refrigerator, 100T of sandwich panel for insulation, 6 ultrasonic humidifiers, 12 kW of heating, and 20,000 bottles of Flammulina velutipes mushroom spores. The temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide concentrations, which directly affect the growth of the mushroom, were collected and analyzed from the environmental sensors installed at the winter mushroom cultivation area. The initial temperature was found to be 14.5℃, which was maintained at 14℃ to 15℃ until the 10th day. In the restriction phase, the initial temperature was 4℃ and was maintained between 2℃ and 3℃ until the 15th day, while during the growth phase, it was maintained between 7.5℃ to 9.5℃. Analysis of the humidity data revealed initial humidity to be 100%, which varied between 88% to 98% during primordia formation period. The humidity remained between 77% to 96% until the 15th day, in the restriction phase and between 75% to 83% during the growth phase. The initial carbon dioxide concentration was 3,500 ppm and varied between 3,500 ppm to 6,000 ppm during primordia formation period and was maintained at 6,000 ppm until the 15th day. During the growth phase, the carbon dioxide concentration was found to be over 6,000 ppm. Fruiting body characteristics of 'CHIKUMASSHU T-011' cultivated in the farmhouse were as follows: Pileus diameter of 7.5 mm and thickness of 4.1 mm, stipe thickness of 3.3 mm, and length of 154.2 mm. The number of valid fruiting bodies was 1,048 unit per 1,400 mL bottle, and the individual weight was 0.71 g per unit. The yield of fruiting bodies was 402.8 g per 1,400 mL bottle.