• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.359-368
• /
• 1995

Purpose : This is a retrospective analysis for pattern of failure, survival rate and prognostic factors of 114 patients with histologically proven invasive cancer of the uterine cervix treated with definitive irradiation. Materials and Methods : One hundred fourteen patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix were treated with a combination of intracavitary irradiation using Fletcher-Suit applicator and external beam irradiation by 6MV X-ray at the Ewha Womans University Hospital between March 1982 and Mar 1990. The median age was 53 years(range:30-77 years). FIGO stage distribution was 19 for IB, 23 for IIA, 42 for IIB, 12 for IIIA and 18 for IIIB. Summation dose of external beam and intracavitary irradiation to point A was 80-90 Gy(median:8580 cGy) in early stage(IB-IIA) and 85-100 Gy(median:8850 cGy) in advanced stage(IIB-IIIB). Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate and multivariate analysis for progrostic factors was performed using the Log likelihood for Weibull Results : The pelvic failure rates by stage were $10.5{\%}$ for IB. $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $23.8{\%}$ for IIB, $50.0{\%}$ for IIIA and $38.9{\%}$ for IIIB. The rate of distant metastasis by stage were $0{\%}$ for IB, $8.7{\%}$ for IIA, $4.8{\%}$ for IIB. $0{\%}$ for IIIA and $11.1{\%}$ for IIIB. The time of failure was from 3 to 50 months and with median of 15 months after completion of radiation therapy. There was no significant coorelation between dose to point A($\leq$90 Gy vs >90 Gy) and pelvic tumor control(P>0.05). Incidence rates of grade 2 rectal and bladder complications were $3.5{\%}$(4/114) and $7{\%}$(8/114), respectively and 1 patient had sigmoid colon obstruction and 1 patient had severe cystitis. Overall 5-year survival rate was $70.5{\%}$ and disease-free survival rate was $53.6{\%}$. Overall 5-year survival rate by stage was $100{\%}$ for IB, $76.9{\%}$ for IIA, $77.6{\%}$ for IIB $87.5{\%}$ for IIIA and $69.1{\%}$ for IIIB. Five-rear disease-free survival rate by stage was $81.3{\%}$ for IB, $67.9{\%}$ for IIA, $46.8{\%}$ for IIB, $45.4{\%}$ for IIIA and $34.4{\%}$ for IIIB. The prognostic factors for disease-free survival rate by multivariate analysis was performance status(p= 0.0063) and response rate after completion of radiation therapy(p= 0.0026) but stage, age and radiation dose to point A were not siginificant. Conclusion : The result of radiation therapy for early stage of the uterine cervix cancer was relatively good but local control rate and survival rate in advanced stage were poor inspite of high dose irradiation to point A above 90 Gy. Prospective randomized studies are recommended to establish optimal tumor doses for various stages and volume of carcinoma of uterine cervix, And ajuvant chemotherapy or radiation-sensitizing agents must be considered to increase the pelvic control and survival rate in advanced cancer of uterine cervix.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.225-230
• /
• 1990

Twenty one patients of malignant thymoma treated with curative aim at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology of Seoul National University Hospital from 1979 to 1987 were analysed retrospectively. The 3 year overall and relapse free survival rate was $80.5\%\;and\;78.6$, respectively. Myasthenia gravis (MG) was seen in $43.5\%$ at presentation and disappeared in $40\%$ (4/10) after radiotherapy with or without operation. The 3 year cumulative survival rate with and without MG was $90\;and\;78.8\%$, respectively. We could consider that MG was no longer adverse prognostic factor. The complete response rate after partial resection was $100\%$ (3/3), and that after biopsy was $20\%$(3/15). The overall local control rate including complete and partial response rate ($33\;vs\;56\%$)was$89\%$ and the 3 year actuarial survival rate by the response rate was $88.9\%\;and\;81.7\%$, respectively. There was no statistically significant survival difference between two groups. The crude rate of relapse at 3 years was $23.8\%$ (5/21), and $80\%$ (4/5) were locoregional failures. All failures were observed in biopsy only group, while no failure was observed in resected group. The major pattern of the treatment failure was the locoregional failure and the distant metastases was rarely observed.

• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.387-410
• /
• 2013

The competition aspect of business has been transformed from competition among companies to competition among ecosystem, and has been grown to platform based business, which is defined as ecosystem among business. Coming to the spotlight with the advantages of platform business combined software and hardware like Apple, platform business have been emerging in many fields. In this research, we define platform and platform based business, and then review related researches. After this, we review four representative research methodologies which are Yin(2011)' s case analysis research, Eisenhardt(2007)' s case analysis research, Romano etc' s web based qualitative data analysis method(2003), and Creswll(2010)' s open coding technique. And then, we suggest this research' s natural methodology combined with the advantages of four research methodologies. Based on our research methodology, we choose three high commercialized categories, which are smartphone platform business, social platform business, and search engine platform business. And then, we choose seven companies in three categories with success cases & failure cases, and analysis each case in perspective of our research methodology. And then, we suggest critical success & failure elements. Based on our findings, we suggest three strategic elements for the longevity of platform based business. Finally, we suggest the limitations of our research and further research issues.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
• /
• 1993.05a
• /
• pp.85-85
• /
• 1993

The clinical staging system for laryngeal cancers is not sufficient for prognosticator due to different biologic characteristics and their microenvironment according to primary sites. For determining the prognosticators, the authors peformed immunohistochemical staining to EGFR, p53 protein, and pRB in 40 cases of surgically treated squamous cell carcinomas of larynx in our institute during the past 5 years. The results are as followings; 1. The positive expression rate of p53 protein and negative expression rate of pRB showed correlations with clinical parameters. 2. The three-year survival rate for p53 protein positive cases was worse than the p53 protein negative cases. 3. Expression rate of EGFR was not correlated with the clinical parameters. As a conclusion, expression rates of p53 protein and pRB not only reflect well the biologic behavior of laryngeal cancer, but correlate closely with the tumor factors. Therefore they may be useful as the prognosticator to predict the malignant potency of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 1996

Purpose : A retrospective analysis for patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma who were treated with radiation was performed to assess the results of treatment and patterns of failure, and to identify the factors that might influence survival. materials and methods : From March 1985 through June 1993, 53 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma were treated with either radiation therapy alone or combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyungpook National University Hospital. Patients' ages ranged from 31 to 73 years with a median age of 54 years. There were 47 men and 6 women, Forty-two Patients ($79.2\%$) had squamous cell carcinoma, 10 patients ($18.9\%$) had undifferentiated carcinoma and 1 patient ($19\%$) had adenoid cystic carcinoma. There were 2 patients with stage I, 12 patients with stage II, 12 Patients with stage III and 27 patients with stage IV. According to the TNM classification, patients were distributed as follows: T1 7, T2 28, T3 10, T4 7, TX 1, and N0 17, Nl 13, N2 21, N3 2. The primary tumor sites were tonsillar region in 36 patients ($67.9\%$), base of the tongue in 12 patients ($22.6\%$), and soft palate in 5 patients ($9.4\%$). Twenty-five patients were treated with radiation therapy alone and twenty-eight Patients were treated with one to three courses of chemotherapy followed by radiation therapy. Chemotherapeutic regimens used were either CF (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) or CVB (cisplatin, vincristine and bleomycin). Radiation therapy was delivered 180-200 cGy daily, five times a week using 6 MV X-ray with or without 8-10 MeV electron beams A tumor dose ranged from 4500 cGy to 7740 cGy with a median dose of 7100 cGy. The follow-up time ranged from 4 months to 99 months with a median of 21 months. Results : Thirty-seven patients ($69.8\%$) achieved a CR (complete response) and PR (partial response) in 16 patients ($30.2\%$) after radiation therapy. The overall survival rates were $47\%$ at 2 years and $42\%$ at 3 years, respectively. The median survival time was 23 months. Overall stage (p=0.02) and response to radiation therapy (p=0.004) were significant prognostic factors for overall survival. The 2-year disease-free survival rate was $45.5\%$. T-stage (p=0.03), N-stage (p=0.04) and overall stage (P=0.04) were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival. Age, sex, histology, primary site of the tumor, radiation dose, combination of chemotherapy were not significantly associated with disease-free survival. Among evaluable 32 Patients with CR to radiation therapy, 12 patients were considered to have failed Among these, 8 patients failed locoregionally and 4 Patients failed distantly. Conclusion : T-stage, N-stage and overall stage were significant prognostic factors for disease-free survival in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer Since locoregional failure was the predominant pattern of relapse, potential methods to improve locoregional control with radiation therapy should be attempted. More controlled clinical, trials should be completed before acceptance of chemotherapy as a part of treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 1998

Purpose : Treatment of choice for uterine cervix cancer stage IIB is radiotherapy. We analyzed survivals, Prognostic factors, patterns of failure and complications. Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective analysis of 167 patients with stage IIB carcinoma of uterine cervix treated with curative external pelvic and high dose rate intracavitary radiotherapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital from August 1985 to August 1994. All the patients followed up from 3 to 141 months(mean 60 months) and age of patients ranged from 31 to 78 years at presentation(mean : 55 years). Results : Overall complete response rate was $84\%$. The response rate for squamous cell carcimoma and adenocarcinoma were $86\%$ and $60\%$, respectively. Overall 5-years survival rate and disease free survival rate was 62 and $59\%$, respectively Mass size and treatment response were significant Prognostic factors for survival Pathologic type and parametrial involvement were marginally significants Prognostic factors. Local failure was 43 cases, distant metastasis was 14 cases and local failure plus distant metastasis was 3 cases, and most of local failures occurred within 24 months, distant metastasis within 12 months after treatment Twenty eight($16.8\%$) patients developed late rectal and urinary complications There were tendency to increasing severity and frequency according to increased fractional dose and total(rectal and bladder) dose. Conclusions : Survival rate was significantly related to tumor size and radiotherapy response. Tumor size should be considered in the clinical s1aging. To increased survival and local control, clinical trials such as decreasing duration of radiotherapy or addition of chemotherapy is needed. To detect early recurrence, regular follow up after RT is important. Because total rectal and bladder dose affected late complications. meticulous vaginal packing is needed to optimize dose of normal tissues and to decrease late complications.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.377-385
• /
• 2001

배경: Cisplain과 같은 세포돗성 약제에 대한 내성은 폐암 치료 실패의 중요한 원인이다. 이러한 항암제에 대한 내성의 발생기전은 복잡하고 아직 완전히 알려져 있지 않지만 불량한 예후의 원인으로 생각된다. 특히 약제 내성이 발생한 환자의 경우 기존의 종양의 급속한 성장뿐 아니라 새로운 전이 병소가 급속히 발생 및 진단됨은 약제 내성을 가진 종양이 전이에의 용이성을 획득하는게 아닌가 의심케한다. 이를 규명하기 위해 Cisplatin에 내성을 지닌 비소세포폐암 세포주 H460/CISm이 전이 능력을 Cisplatin에 민감한 비소세포폐암 세로주 H460과 비교하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 약제 내성 세포주를 확보하기 위하여 H460세포에 cisplatin을 점차적으로 증가시켜 처리한 후 배양하였다. H460 세포와 H460/CIS 세로에서의 혈관신생인자와 성장관련인 자의 발현양상, gelatin zymography 분석 그리고 in vivo 실험으로 nude 마우스에서의 자발적 전이 능력의 차이를 비교하였다. 결과: H460 세포를 이식한 마우스에 폐에서는 종양이 형성되지 않았으나 H460/CIS세포를 이식한 마우스 10마리중 8마리에서 종양이 형성되었다. 또한 H460/CIS 세포주에서 전이 관련 유전자로 알려진 angiopoietin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase 2 등이 더 발현되었고, 전이의 침습성을 유발하는 gelatinase의 활성이 증가된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 본 여구 결과를 통해 cisplatin에 내성을 가진 비소세포폐암세포에서 전이 능력이 증가될 수 있다고 여겨지며 이러한 사실을 토대로 초기 비소세포폐암 환자의 수술 전 항암약물요법의 타당성에 대해서 이야기 하기 위해서는 많은 임상적 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.45-50
• /
• 1989

From Feb.1985 to Feb.1988,76 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung treated at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology in Kyungpook National University Hospital were available for the analysis of this study. All patients received radiation of 4000cGy-6600cGy with curative aim. The overall rate of complete response was 25.0% and partial response was 452.6% The complete and partial regression of tumor was 14.3% in patients treated with dose below 5000cGy and 84.1% in the group treated with dose above 5000cGy (p<0.01). The complete response was seen only in the group of patients received radiation at least 6000cGy. The patterns of failure were as follows. The rate of initial intrathoracic recurrence was 52.6% in patients with complete response. The overall rate of failure was 68.8%. Distant metastasis was found in 47.4% of patients. Bone, contralateral lung, and brain were common metastatic sites in decreasing order All of the distant metastases and 80% of local recurrences were found within the first year after treatment.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.51-62
• /
• 2016

This study tries to present a new perspective for the coding and coding education. Therefore, this study analyzes coding game as performative writing. First, coding as writing process has the mechanism of serial expansion and circulation by utilizing basic code blocks. And coding as writing process produces a meaning as unit operation that generate an emergent game play. Second, coding as performative writing displays the speaking and writing at the same time and is embodied in game play. Also, absence of failure and correction makes possible users to explore the problem area and to strengthen the problem-solving ability.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.705-713
• /
• 1998

Background: An association between diabetes and tuberculosis has long been implied. The severity of diabetes appears to correlate with the degree of tuberculous activity. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 82 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics (DMTB) and 83 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in nondiabetics (Non-DMTB) admitted to the Kyung Hee Medical Center between January 1995 and December 1996 was underiaken. Results: The sex ratio of DMTB was 58 : 24, and that of Non-DMTB was 62 : 21. Male patients predominated in both groups. The highest incidence of DMTB was 6th and 7th decades and that of Non-DMTB was 3rd and 4th decades. In case which the tuberculosis developed after diagnosis of diabetes, the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was the highest in diabetes for 5-10 years. On chest X-ray findings, the moderate advanced tuberculosis cases were the most common (60.9% in DMTTB and 50.6% in Non-DMTB). There was no relation between the degree of tuberculosis activity on chest x-ray(minimal, moderate, and far advanced tuberculosis) and presence of diabetes. The incidence of lower lung field tuberculosis in DMTB was significantly higher than Non-DMTB(p<0.05). The multiple lobe involvement was the predominant chest roentgenographic finding in both groups. There was no significant difference of treatment response between DMTB and Non-DMTB. There was no relationship between initial HbA1c and the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis on chest X-ray. During treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in excellently and well controlled diabetes, the cure rate of pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher than the poorly controlled diabetes and the rate of treatment failure was significantly lower than poorly controlled diabetes. (p<0.05). Conclusion: Poor control of blood glucose is related with increased rate of treatment failure in pulmonary tuberculosis with diabetes mellitus. Further investigation will be needed to study the mechanisms of treatment failure in poorly controlled diabetics with pulmonary tuberculosis.