• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the intentions and influencing factors of intentions to care for New Influenza A ($H_1N_1$) patient Methods: This study involved a descriptive design using self-administered questionnaire. Intentions to care for H1N1 patient was evaluated by prediction tool, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA with a Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results: The level of intention was high, attitude was negative, subjective norm was high, and perceived behavioral control was moderate. The general regression model with intention as a dependent variable was statistically significant (F=39.31, p<.001). 28.1% of variance in intention was explained by subjective norm (t=8.75, p<.001), and perceived behavioral control (t=4.28, p<.001). Among the predictors, subjective norm had the greatest effect on intention (${\beta}=.44$). The nurse with the higher subjective norm and more positive perceived behavioral control reported the higher intention. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggested that the various aspects of nurse's characteristics should be considered when establishing strategies to improve the nurse's intention for care of infectious disease.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.193-200
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• 2011

Purpose : The effect of corticosteroid on severe pneumonia caused by 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) A virus is controversial. This study was aimed to present the effects of early, short-term corticosteroid treatment for severe pneumonia with this virus infection. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed on severe pneumonia patients (37 patients) who had severe respiratory distress at presentation requiring oxygen therapy and received intravenous methylprednisolone (MP, 8-10 mg/kg, divided in 4 doses/day for 2-3 days) with oseltamivir. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients were evaluated through the medical records and chest radiographic findings. Results : The mean age and male-to-female ratio of the patients were 6.5${\pm}$2.9 years of age, and 3.4:1 (male 29 patients), respectively. The 5-9 aged group was predominant among the age groups (25 patients, 67.6%). Duration of fever prior to admission was 1.4${\pm}$0.6 days and dyspnea developed within 24 h after beginning of respiratory symptoms in all patients. All patients were previously healthy and received oseltamivir within 48 h. Thirteen patients (35.1%) developed dyspnea during oseltamivir treatment. Following MP infusion, all 37 patients including 13 progressive pneumonia patients during oseltamivir treatment showed an immediate halt in the progression of pneumonic infiltration with rapid clinical improvement. There were no side-effects following steroid use. Conclusion : For severe pneumonia patients, early corticosteroid treatment halted clinical exacerbation, and possibly prevented progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Further controlled clinical studies are needed for the role of corticosteroids and antivirals on severely affected patients with influenza virus infections.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to provide baseline data about nurses' Influenza A (H1N1) knowledge, awareness, and practice of infection control and to identify the significant factor affecting the level of practice. Methods: The subjects of this study were 144 nurses who worked at Influenza A (H1N1) regional base Hospital in D city. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires during September 2009. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: The knowledge of Influenza A (H1N1) was statistically different according to age, unit, career and experience of seasonal influenza vaccination during the last year. The awareness of infection control was statistically different according to age, career, experience of seasonal influenza vaccination for last year and intention to get seasonal influenza vaccination for this year. The practice of infection control was statistically different according to unit, experience of seasonal influenza vaccination for last year, intention to get seasonal influenza vaccination for this year and intention to get Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination for this year. There was positive correlation among knowledge, awareness and practice (p < .05). Awareness was the significant factor affecting the level of practice. Conclusion: An educational program focusing on strategy to change nurse's awareness can be effective for infection control of Influenza A (H1N1) in regional base hospitals.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the affecting factors on health behavior of university students during pandemic Influenza A (H1N1). Method: The participants in this study were 283 students in H university. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires in September, 2009. The collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 18.0. Result: The percentage of correct answers regarding knowledge of Influenza A (H1N1) was 34.6%. Risk perception and compliance of health behavior were very poor, $17.92{\pm}6.26/30$ and $2.00{\pm}1.68/9$, respectively. There was a positive correlation among knowledge, risk perception and health behavior. Knowledge and risk perception of Influenza A (H1N1) and intention of getting an influenza vaccination for this year explained 16.3% of variance in health behavior. Conclusion: An educational program focusing on strategy to enhance university students' knowledge and risk perception of Influenza A (H1N1) would be effective in improving their health behavior against it.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2007

The occurrence of acute respiratory infections caused by the influenza virus are particularly high during the winter season in Busan, Korea. In 2004 and 2005, a study of the rate of occurrences of the influenza virus was conducted. The results reveal that in 2004, of the 1,869 people with an acute respiratory infection that 154 (8.2%) people were infected by the influenza virus. In 2005, of the 1,579 people infected with an acute respiratory infection that 19 people (1.2%) were infected with the influenza virus. The study shows a decrease in the numbers of an influenza virus infection from 2004 to 2005. Data was collected by inspecting throat swabs and nasal discharge from those with an acute respiratory infection. Further inspection of the throat swab and nasal discharge from the infected individuals during 2004 and 2005 study show the occurrence of the different types of influenza virus in the population: 6 cases (3.5%) of influenza type A/H1N1, 129 cases (74.5%) of A/H3N2, and 38 cases (22.0%) of type B. The study conducted in 2004 and 2005 reveal that children between the ages of two and five were more likely to be infected than any other age group. In the study, about 62.2% of the infected individuals were between two and five years old. The detection rates between males and females are similar. However, it is notable that females are slightly more likely to develop an acute respiratory infection caused by the influence virus compared to their male counterparts.

• 사료
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• s.42
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

2009년은 그야말로 새옹지마(塞翁之馬 : 인생에 있어서 길흉화복은 항상 바뀌어 미리 헤아릴 수 없다)와 같은 한 해로 기억에 오래 남을 듯 하다. 2008년 말에 2009년 양돈산업을 전망할 때 미국발 금융위기에도 불구하고 국내산 돈육 공급량 부족과 환율상승 및 급변으로 인한 돈육 수입량 부족, 그리고 수급 불균형으로 대부분의 전문가들이 역대 최고의 돈가를 예상했고, 실제로 3월에 지육가격이 5,000원/지육kg(전국 비육돈 평균시세)을 상회하면서 성수기에 돈가가 6,000원/지육 kg에 육박할 것이라 기대했었다. 그러나 4월 미국에서 발생한 신종인플루엔자가 초기에 돼지에서 유래된 인플루엔자라고 보도되면서 돈육소비량이 급감하였고 이로 인해 성수기에 돈가가 오히려 하락하는 기현상을 보였다. 다행히 신종플루가 돼지와 무관하다는 사실이 밝혀지면서 소비가 회복되었고 돈가 또한 회복되어 올해는 역대 최고의 돈가가 형성될 것으로 예상되고, 여기에 국제곡물시세가 안정되면서 사료가격도 여러 차례 인하되어 양돈 농장의 수익성은 상당부분 향상될 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 신종플루 사망자가 증가하면서 지금도 여전히 돈육소비가 위축되어 있어 막연히 호황을 기대하기 쉽지 않은 실정이다. 돈가의 급등과 급락, 외부요인에 의한 경제환경의 변화로 인한 환율의 변동 및 소비량의 변화는 2009년 양돈산업에 대한 불안감을 증폭시켜 높은 돈가와 수익성에도 불구하고 전체 산업의 규모가 커지지는 못했다. 여기에 국산 돈육에 대한 소비자들의 무한 신뢰로 인해, 2008년 12월 돈육 원산지 표시제 확대 실시로 국내산 돈육 수요가 증가 하여 여전히 75% 가량의 국산 돈육 자급율을 유지함에도 불구하고 아직까지 맛의 차별화 및 도축, 유통의 안전성에 대한 확고한 신뢰 구축을 위한 브랜드 돈육 유통의 확대가 소비자의 기대치만큼 자리 잡지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 또한 친환경적인 양돈산업 육성 및 분뇨 처리 관련하여도 뚜렷한 해답을 찾지 못하고 있어, 양돈 농가의 입장에서는 규모의 확장 및 신규 진입이 극도로 제한되어 있고 일부 지역에서는 사업의 존폐를 결정하는 주요 원인이 되고 있다. 그간 대한민국 양돈 산업의 경쟁력에 발목을 잡고 있던 낮은 생산성 문제와 소모성 질병에 의한 높은 폐사율 문제 또한 아직도 여전히 해결되지 못한 과제이다. <그림 1> 국가별 양돈 농장 생산성 현황에서 보는 바 와 우리나라 양돈 농장의 생산성은 여전히 PSY(모돈당 연간 이유자돈 두수)가 18두에 못 미치고 있어 국제 경쟁력을 논하기 자제 가 부끄러운 실정이다. 여러 가지 내 외부적인 어려운 환경에도 불구하고 올 2009년은 양돈농가들이 최고의 수익성을 기록한 한 해가 될 것이라는 사실에는 이의가 별로 없을 듯하다. 2년 여간의 고돈가로 인해 대한민국 양돈산업은 새로운 도약을 위한 밑천이 마련된 셈이라고 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 2009년 양돈산업 현황을 돌아보고 다가올 미래를 준비한다는 의미에서 우리나라 양돈산업이 집중해야 할 분야를 짚어보고자 한다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.69-76
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• 2013

The incidence of globally infectious and pathogenic diseases such as H1N1 (swine flu) and Avian Influenza (AI) has recently increased. An infectious disease is a pathogen-caused disease, which can be passed from the infected person to the susceptible host. Pathogens of infectious diseases, which are bacillus, spirochaeta, rickettsia, virus, fungus, and parasite, etc., cause various symptoms such as respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, liver disease, and acute febrile illness. They can be spread through various means such as food, water, insect, breathing and contact with other persons. Recently, most countries around the world use a mathematical model to predict and prepare for the spread of infectious diseases. In a modern society, however, infectious diseases are spread in a fast and complicated manner because of rapid development of transportation (both ground and underground). Therefore, we do not have enough time to predict the fast spreading and complicated infectious diseases. Therefore, new system, which can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by predicting its pathway, needs to be developed. In this study, to solve this kind of problem, an integrated monitoring system, which can track and predict the pathway of infectious diseases for its realtime monitoring and control, is developed. This system is implemented based on the conventional mathematical model called by 'Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) Model.' The proposed model has characteristics that both inter- and intra-city modes of transportation to express interpersonal contact (i.e., migration flow) are considered. They include the means of transportation such as bus, train, car and airplane. Also, modified real data according to the geographical characteristics of Korea are employed to reflect realistic circumstances of possible disease spreading in Korea. We can predict where and when vaccination needs to be performed by parameters control in this model. The simulation includes several assumptions and scenarios. Using the data of Statistics Korea, five major cities, which are assumed to have the most population migration have been chosen; Seoul, Incheon (Incheon International Airport), Gangneung, Pyeongchang and Wonju. It was assumed that the cities were connected in one network, and infectious disease was spread through denoted transportation methods only. In terms of traffic volume, daily traffic volume was obtained from Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS). In addition, the population of each city was acquired from Statistics Korea. Moreover, data on H1N1 (swine flu) were provided by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and air transport statistics were obtained from Aeronautical Information Portal System. As mentioned above, daily traffic volume, population statistics, H1N1 (swine flu) and air transport statistics data have been adjusted in consideration of the current conditions in Korea and several realistic assumptions and scenarios. Three scenarios (occurrence of H1N1 in Incheon International Airport, not-vaccinated in all cities and vaccinated in Seoul and Pyeongchang respectively) were simulated, and the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach its peak and proportion of Infectious (I) were compared. According to the simulation, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days when vaccination was not considered. In terms of the proportion of I, Seoul was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Seoul, the number of days taken for the number of the infected to reach at its peak was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. When they were vaccinated in Pyeongchang, the number of days was the fastest in Seoul with 37 days and the slowest in Pyeongchang with 43 days. In terms of the proportion of I, Gangneung was the highest while Pyeongchang was the lowest. Based on the results above, it has been confirmed that H1N1, upon the first occurrence, is proportionally spread by the traffic volume in each city. Because the infection pathway is different by the traffic volume in each city, therefore, it is possible to come up with a preventive measurement against infectious disease by tracking and predicting its pathway through the analysis of traffic volume.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-108
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• 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the policies on 2009 influenza pandemic in Korea at the end of first wave. Methods: The main policies and the estimation of these were described according to the progress of 2009 influenza pandemic. Results: The public health measures for containment were estimated to be successful in the early stage. The preparedness of antiviral agents and vaccines before the pandemic, risk-communication on pandemic influenza and policies of government including vaccines, and the education of health care worker and support of health care institutions was not enough to respond to the pandemic. Conclusions: The additional evaluation should be performed at the end of the pandemic in various aspects including health and socioeconomic effects.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.102-105
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• 2009

지난 해 전 세계적인 금융쇼크로 인해 올해 국내 육계산업에도 적지 않은 영향을 끼쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 고환율로 인해 수입닭고기가 시장에 형성되지 못하고 정부에서는 농산물의 원산지표시제를 시행함으로써 국내산 닭고기 소비에 영향을 주었다. 더구나 우리 양계농가의 노력으로 올해는 고병원성 조류인플루엔자가 발생하지 않아 닭고기 소비도 꾸준함을 보였다. 하지만 외국에서 전량 수입되는 사료는 국제곡물가격의 인상으로 농가의 수당생산비가 상대적으로 증가되는 양상을 보였고 수입원자재도 동반상승하여 육계농가는 이중고를 겪어야만 했다. 뿐만 아니라 종계의 생산성 하락으로 병아리가격이 연중 700~800원으로 형성됨에 따라 실용계병아리의 품질이 관심의 대상이 되었으며 이런 현상은 당분간 지속될 것으로 보인다. 가금신종질병이 전국적으로 발생함에 따라 실제적으로는 육계농가의 수익은 평년보다 그리 높지 않은 것으로 파악된다. 이렇게 2009년은 육계인에게는 다사다난했던 한해로 기록될 것이며 한 해 동안 일어났던 4가지 이슈들을 정리해보았다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2005

Influenza virus has a unique characteristics of annual epidemics of acute respiratory disease with attack rate of 10%-30% of the population. It is also the classical emerging infectious disease causing global pandemics when new antigenic shift occur. This antigenic shift is the key to its ability to evoke periodic pandemics, and it has caused at least 3 pandemics in 20th century. I reviewed these 3 pandemics in their natural courses and the epidemiology of the recent emerging influenza A viruses, especially the H5 and H7 subtypes. I descr ibed the epidemics of these vi ruses in human population and why we should be prepared to these viruses.