• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.499-507
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to improve efficacy of oral health education in children and adolescents based on the experience and perception of oral health education in young adults who graduated from high school within 10 years. Questionnaires were given to 412 people, and among them, 388 completed survey forms were selected. The questionnaire included categories which examined one's experience and perception of oral health education, oral health knowledge, dental history, and oral health behavior. The results showed that the respondents perceived elementary school as the most effective period of oral health education. Oral examination with direct explanation was the most preferred method of oral health education, but web search was the main source of oral health information. And knowledge of fluoride and sealant about caries preventive effect was still lacking. Considering these results, oral examination with direct explanation and web search would be useful to improve efficacy of oral health education in children and adolescents.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.42
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• pp.229-249
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• 2015

As the post-cold war era and globalization go on, national security problems which were not traditional national security problems such as terrorism, crime, environmental disasters, economic crises, cyber-terrorism, diseases, and energy problems threat humanity and nations and demands changes. Also, with the change, the concept of "big government" has emerged as the role of nation expanded. The modern society sees every country change from small government to big government in order to realize the establishment of welfare state. A comprehensive interpretation of security is needed in order to comprehensive protection of citizens beyond outside invasion such as crime, new disaster, terrorism. In Korea, incidents such as Cheonan-Ham, Yeonpeyong-Do, foot-and-mouth disease, Ddos terrorism, pirates hostages, mad cow disease, AI are happening and the humanitarian support for North Korea and the summit of South and North Korea are at a standstill. Also, National emergency management system, comprehensive emergency management center, countrol tower, national security system, cooperation with citizens, establishment of legal and institutional system are needed. The importance of this research is on the reestablishment of new national security and emergency management system according to the comparison between the national security and counter-terrorism system of Korea and that of the United States which is a leading country in this field. Also, the establishment of national emergency management act is needed as a statute for effective function as currently various laws and administrative organizations are dispersed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2009

$Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ L. ($Iso{\ddot{e}}taceae$) is difficult to identify among the infrageneric taxa because of morphological simplicity. Since two species (I. japonica and I. coreana) had been reported, I. jejuensis and I. hallasanensis were described as two new species from Jeju Island, South Korea. The habitats of all species were confirmed by current studies except for I. japonica. We compared the morphological and anatomical characters of seven species, three domestic species and four species in adjacent regions (I. taiwanensis, I. sinensis, I. japonica, and I. asiatica). I. asiatica differs from other species in the lobe number of corm, spreading sporophylls, lack of stomata and degree of velum development. All of the seven species were identified by the characteristics of their mega- and microspores. Especially, it was possible to identify the four species in South Korea by the types of ornamentation on their megaspores. Each species has a specific type of megaspore ornamentation: I. coreana - cristate, I. jejuensis - rugulate, I. hallasanensis - echinate, and I. japonica - reticulate. We also discussed the phylogeny of the genus in East Asia in relation to recent studies based on the second intron of LEAFY sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. We suggest strategies for the conservation of the endangered $Iso{\ddot{e}}tes$ species in South Korea.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 2019

This study aimed to evaluate skeletodental characteristics of patient with maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA) in mixed dentition. It involved the children in early mixed dentition who visited Pusan National University dental hospital for orthodontic purposed and had intact primary canines. 38 children with MLIA and 38 controls with the same chronological age satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected. The craniofacial structures and dental arch dimensions of the MLIA were evaluated using model & cephalometric analysis and compared to controls. The rate of unilateral MLIA was high in male and the rate of bilateral MLIA was high in female. In model analysis, the width / length ratio of maxillary anterior portion of the MLIA group were higher and arch perimeter of the maxilla of the MLIA group were smaller than those of the control group (p = 0.003, 0.04). Cephalometric analysis showed that there were no significant differences in terms of skeletal, dental analysis. In soft tissue profile, nasolabial angle was larger in MLIAs than in controls (p = 0.039). Considering these skeletodental characteristics of MLIA, early diagnosis and proper management is highly recommended to minimize the possibility of functional defect.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the growth, yield, and grain quality characteristics of rice varieties that were subjected to water stress during the tillering stage. We also sought to identify whether water stress could be indicated via the plants' response to chlorophyll fluorescence. In this study, we induced water stress by intentionally cutting off water for 30 days, starting 15 days after transplanting the rice varieties to a greenhouse. We analyzed nine rice varieties, including Ilpum, which is the most frequently cultivated variety in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The control group was planted in a paddy field where irrigation was entirely dependent on rainfall. Our results revealed that the heading stage of the nine studied varieties occurred approximately ten days earlier in the rain shelter than in the field. Moreover, the rice yield, head rice rate, and palatability score decreased by 18.6%, 17.1%, and 8.3%, respectively, while protein content increased by 20.2% compared with the control group. The Saenuri and Haimi varieties showed the lowest reduction in yield under the water stress conditions, while the Daebo and Samkwang varieties showed the highest reduction in yield. The chlorophyll fluorescence response after re-irrigation was measured between July 30^th and August 17^th. The ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F_V/F_M) values failed to recover to their baseline values, resulting in either no change or a reduction in fluorescent response, even after re-irrigation of Daebo and Samkwang varieties. These results can be utilized as empirical data for drought-affected farms to select resistant varieties that can respond to spring drought in the southern plains of Gyeongsangbuk-do.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2022

Objectives : This study intends to assess the associations among perceived stigma at the time of infection, coping strategies adopted 12 months later and depressive and posttraumatic symptoms 24 months later in Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) survivors. Methods : A nationwide cohort study was conducted on 63 survivors of 2015 MERS outbreak. Demographic data, illness severity of MERS, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping strategies and MERS-related stigma were collected 12 and 24 months after the MERS outbreak, respectively. Results : Higher levels of perceived stigma at the time of outbreak were associated with higher levels of dysfunctional coping strategies after 12 months (p=0.003) and more severe depressive (p=0.058) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (p=0.011) after 24 months. Moreover, higher levels of dysfunctional coping strategies after 12 months were significantly associated with more severe depressive (p=0.002) and posttraumatic stress symptoms (p<0.001) after 24 months. Conclusions : Social stigma against people who have contracted an emerging infectious disease can leave a negative impact on the mental health of the survivors in the long term. In case of novel pandemics in the future, prompt rectification of stigma and promotion of adaptive coping strategies in survivors are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.57-70
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• 2010

Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that the tunnels, which were once considered to be highly resistant to earthquakes, are susceptible to substantial damage under severe seismic loading. Among various modes of deformation under an earthquake loading, the response of the tunnel in the transverse direction is known to be the critical mode. This paper investigates the seismic response of the tunnel in the transverse direction using the method of seismic displacement, which is a type of pseudo-static analysis. Firstly, the methods of calculating the ground deformation are compared. It is shown that the single and double cosine may not provide an accurate estimation of the ground deformation, and that a one-dimensional site response analysis needs to be performed for a more reliable evaluation. Secondly, the tunnel responses are calculated using the simplified, analytical, and numerical solutions. It is demonstrated that the simplified method provides poor estimates of the tunnel response ground deformation. The analytical solution is shown to be effective in modeling circular tunnels in uniform ground, but has serious limitation in modeling tunnel response in non-uniform ground. Numerical analyses are shown to be applicable to all cases, and give the most accurate estimates of the tunnel response. It is also demonstrated that the linear solutions can be so conservative that the soil nonlinearity needs to be accounted for more accurate evaluation of the tunnel response.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 2007

To determine levels of 11 sulfonamides for animals in food, simultaneously, a selective method of high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector has been applied. The targets were sulfachlorpyridazine (SCP), sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfisoxazole (SSX), sulfamerazine (SMZ), sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) and sulfathiazole (STZ). Food samples were beef, pork, chicken, milk and whole egg that were collected at the main 6 cities in Korea as Seoul, Busan, Daejon, Incheon, Mokpo and Gangneung. After homogenizing food samples with sodium phosphate solution and acetonitrile, it was extracted with n-hexane. The mobile phase gradient was a mixture of 5 mM potassium phosphate (pH 3.25) and methanol with a gradient ratio from 100:0 to 30:70. The UV wavelength was 270 nm. The overall recoveries were ranged from 75% to 95% and the limit of detection was minimum 0.004 mg/kg for SMT, and 0.007 mg/kg for STZ at signal/noise > 3, respectively. As results, sulfonamide drugs were not detected in most of the selected food samples, however, sulfamonomethoxine was detected in meat. The determined level of sulfamonomethoxine were 0.03 and 0.06 mg/kg for beef that were below the MRLs.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-56
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• 1995

During the last two decades, Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth. In this process the nation has become urbanized and industrialized. But we have also encountered widening regional disparity, housing shortage of larger cities, transportation congestion, environmental pollution and many other problems. Rapid increasing urbanization and continuous migration toward Seoul since the late 1960s have been one of the major concerns of government. Government has sought ways to moderate the population increase in Seoul. The regulation which include new town development near Seoul and dispersion strategies of higher education and other administration and living facilities outside of Seoul havemade a great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. Seoul metropolitan reaion has evolved as the most powerful center of political and economical spaces. Generally within a metropolitan region, there exists a growing mutual interdependence economically, as well as socially between a central city and its surrounding area. Seoul metropolitan region manifests itself not only as a coherent system of urbanized regions, but also as an integral part of the daily urban system. The surrounding Gyunggi province and Seoul city become closely linked both economically and functionally, constituting true functlonai urban system. This study is primarily undertaken with the purpose of delineation of the sphere of influence of Seoul city in 1990. At the time of 1985, Seoul metropolitan region was delineated according to the result of the study which was performed by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Afterward, the rapid speed of metropolitanization process with dramatic increase in mobility through the provision of wider transportation system across the Capital region have evolved, resulting in the great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. So this study examines the expanded area of Seoul metropolitan regin during the period of 1985-90. In order to delineate Seoul metropolitan region, the indices of urbanization and functional linkage are selected. Variables included in the measurement of the urbanization level are agricultural structure, population characteristics, manufacturing and service industries, and cultural aspects such as newspaper circulation, the ratio of car ownership and piped water supply. Variables included in the measurement of functional linkage are commuting, shopping pattern, centralized service such as medical facilities and trade of agricultural products. The standardization method and factor analysis are employed in making the delineation of Seoul metropolitan region. According to the result of this study, 2 cities, 8 Eups and 46 Myuns are included Seoul metropolitan region in 1990. If we compare this delineated area in 1990 to that of 1985, we can find the distinctive pattern of expanded axes according to the main transportation routes such as Seoul-Suweon, Seoul-Gwangju, Seoul-Incheon. In 199O, all the Gyunggi province, except a few Myuns located at the north and northwest part of Gyunggi province, are included in Seoul metropolitan region. Furthermore, this study attempts to the analysis of regional structure of Seoul metropolitan region according to the functional characteristics of each city and Gun. Variables included in this analysis are the new residential function, manufacturing function, service function, education and infermation function, public facility function and agricultural function. Factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed in making regionalization. Seoul metropolitan reaion is subdivided into four subregions which reflect different functional specialization. The first group is the specialized region of newly formed residential function. The second group is the specialized reaion of manufacturing function. The third group is the specialized region of service function. And the fourth group has little specialized in terms of manufacturing, service, and residential function. But this region has some potentiality of development when Seoul metropolitan region grow continuously. Seoul metropolitan region accounted for 43% of national population, despite 11.8% of national land size in 1990. Although Seoul metropolitan region enjoys important agglomeration economies, it also has huge social cost in the form of transportation congestion, housing shortage, rapid increase of land value, environment pollution, and etc. Efficient metropolitan plan making is a vital element in promoting Seoul's economic development and providing high quality living environment at low cost. In the light of the result of this study, the outer ring of Seoul metropolitan region, especially northeastern part, are underdeveloped compared to overdeveloped southwestern area. It is needed to develop the guidelines for the implement of the growth control and management plan, inducing more balanced development for whole Seoul metropolitan reaion.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The Guemseong mine is located near the southern margin of the Jurassic Jecheon granitoids collectively with the Cambro-Ordovician mixed dolostone-limestone series of the Yeongweol Group, Choseon Supergroup. Here, two spatially distinct types of skarn formation have been observed. The upper transitional skarn is the calcic Mo skarn which has the mineral assemblage of $garnet+hedenbergite+epidote{\pm}wollastonite{\pm}magnetite{\pm}hematite{\pm}amphibole{\pm}chlorite{\pm}vesuvianite$ within the calcite marble. On the other hand, the lower proximal skarn occurs as a discordant magnesian Fe skarn at the contact of Mo-bearing aplitic cupolas with unidirectional solidification texture(UST) within the dolomitic marble. The magnesian Fe skarn has the mineral assemlage $olivine+diopside+magnetite+tremolite+serpentine+talc+chlorite{\pm}phlogopite$. The formation of two different types of skarn and ore mineralization in Geumseong mine have been attributed to multistage and complex metasomatic replacements that ultimately resulted in silicate-oxide-sulfide sequence of metasomatism. An early prograde stage with anhydrous skarn minerals such as olivine, clinopyroxene and/or garnet with magnetite, formed from high temperature (about $500^{\circ}\;to\;400^{\circ}C$) at an environmental condition of low $CO_2$ fugacity ($XCO_2<0.1$) and 0.5 kbar. The later retrograde stage with hydrous silicates such as amphibole, serpentine, phlogopite, epidote and chlorite with molybdenite or hematite, termed from relatively lower temperature (about $400^{\circ}\;to\;300^{\circ}C$).