• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.336-343
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• 2010

Coronary artery CT angiography has short scanning length, the exposure dose is high. Therefore, it is required to study on the organ dose when using MDCT. We compared the differences between the absorbed dose and effective dose in the major organs assessing the absorbed dose in the major organs by 16-MDCT and 64-MDCT in the subjects with coronary artery CT angiography, the same protocol by 16-MDCT and 64-MDCT. As a result, the great orders of absorbed dose when conducting coronary artery CT angiography had been shown as heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, spleen, large intestine, lung, small intestine, thyroid gland, ovary, bladder, and orbit with the absorbed dose distribution of $0.538{\pm}0.026(Mean{\pm}SD,\;p<0.05)mGy{\sim}71.316{\pm}4.316mGy$ in 16-MDCT, and heart, stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, lung, thyroid gland, ovary, bladder, and orbit with the absorbed dose distribution of $0.87{\pm}0.01mGy{\sim}115.26{\pm}1.59mGy$ in 64-MDCT, demonstrating some different distributions. The exposed doses to the patient per one time scanning with coronary artery CT angiography were $71.316{\pm}4.316mGy$ in 16-MDCT as the absorbed dose based on the heart and $115.26{\pm}1.59mGy$ in 64-MDCT. The effective doses were 7.41 mSv and 12.11 mSv in 16 and 64-MDCT, respectively. Taking into account the results of brain CT with 2.8 mSv that has comparatively large scanning length and size, facial CT 0.8 mSv, chest CT 5.7 mSv, pelvic CT 7.2 mSv, and abdominal and pelvic CT 14.4 mSv, it is very high considering the scanning length of 13 cm limited to the heart for the scanning range.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 1973

The distensibility of the major arteries has been investigated extensively, but the value expressed as Young Modulus varies widely by the different schools of the investigators, the major reason undoubtedly being the difficulties encountered in the measurement. In the present study, an attempt was made to elucidate the distensibility of the external carotid artery of the rabbit, which was placed in saline immediately after removing from the apparently healthy, normal rabbit without anesthesia. The circular section strip and longitudinal section strip were made from the whole artery, and Young Modulus of the whole artery, circular section and longitudinal section strips was calculated from the length-tension curve of each sample. Also, the similar samples of the artery seperately obtained were placed in ATP solution in the concentration of 0.15 mM and 0.30 mM, and Young Modulus was similary calculated. Experiments were performed at 15,45 and 75 min after the artery was removed from the rabbit, and the results thus obtained are summarized as follows. 1) Young Modulus of the whole external carotid artery of the rabbit in saline was $4.74{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$ at 15 min, but lower values were obtained at 45 and 75 min, Young Modulus being $4.62{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;4.13{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$, respectively. When the arterial samples were placed in ATP solutions, Young Modulus did not change much throughout the experiment, and lower Young Moduli were obtained in 0.30 mM ATP solution than in 0. 15 mM ATP solution. 2) Young Modulus Of the Circular Section Strip in Saline was $4.11{\times}10^7dyne/Cm^2,\;3.75{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;3.90{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2,$ respectively, at 15, 45 and 75 min, the value at 15 min being the highest. However, when the strip was placed in ATP solutions, no appreciable change was observed throughout the experiment, and Young Moduli were lower in 0.30 mM ATP solution than in 0.15 mM ATP solution. 3) Young Modulus of the longitudinal section strip in saline was $2.12{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2,\;2.48{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2\;and\;2.46{\times}10^7dyne/cm^2$, respectively, at 15, 45 and 75 min, Young Modulus being slightly elevated in the latter part of the experiment. A similar tendency was observed when the strip was placed in ATP solutions.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.221-232
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• 1988

Studies were conducted to determine whether reduced renal blood flow (RBF) exhibited by rats with uncontrolled, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is attributable to diabetes-associated, enhanced renal vasoconstrictor influence of endogenous thromboxane $(TX)A_2$. Rats which were injected with STZ after pretreatment with 3-O-methyl glucose (3OMG), an agent which prevents STZ-induced hyperglycemia, were also studied. Basal values of total RBF (RBF; ml $min^{-1}$ $gKw^{-1}$; electromagnetic flow probe), systemic arterial pressure (BP; mm Hg) and renal vascular resistance (RVR;BP $RBF^{-1})$in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats during a control period were $5.9{\pm}0.3$(P<0.1_{VS}. CR), $115{\pm}3$ and $20.3{\pm}1.0$(P<0.1_{VS}. CR) for STZR (n=15), and $8.4{\pm}0.4$, $123{\pm}3$ and $15.1{\pm}0.8$ for age-matched control rats (CR; n= 15), respectively. Basal values of RBF, BP and RVR in 3OMG pretreated STZR were identical to CR. In preparations shown capable of renal vasodilatation, OKY 1581 (1 mg/kg, i.v. followed by 0.4 mg/kg min infusion) abolished arachidonate-induced $(TX)A_2$ synthesis, but did not alter basal BP, RBF or RVR in either STZR or CR (n=4/group). Similarly, i.r.a. infusion of SQ29548 (100 ng/ml RBF) abolished renal vasoconstriction induced by a TX/prostaglandin endoperoxide mimic, U46619, but had no discern able affect on RVR in either STZR (n=8) or CR (n=8). The data indicates that $TXA_2$ does not participate in the elevated basal RVR of STZR which are associated with the diabetic state.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.441-444
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• 2009

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with an increased risk of acute rejection, delayed graft function and long-term changes after kidney transplantation. The reperfusion models remain unsolved complications such as vascular obstruction and blood leakage. We developed an alternative model of isolated hemoperfusion in porcine kidneys. In the present study we introduced a newly developed reperfusion method. A connector was used instead of surgical suture for the vascular anastomosis on the inguinal region in which main femoral vessels are parallel and big enough to perfuse the kidney. To assess renal perfusion quality of the modified hemoreperfusion model, we analyzed both hemodynamic values and patterns of I/R injury following a renal reperfusion. Following unilateral nephrectomy, the kidneys were preserved for 0, 24 and 48 hours at $4^{\circ}C$ with histidine-tryptophan ketogluatarate (HTK) solution and reperfused for 3 hours by vascular anastomosis connected to the femoral artery and vein in inguinal region. Histolopathological examinations were assessed on kidney biopsy specimens, taken after each cold storage and reperfusion. No differences of hemodynamic values were observed between aorta and femoral artery. The average warm ischemia time before reperfusion start was $7.0{\pm}1.1$ minutes. There were no complications including vascular obstruction and blood leakage during the reperfusion. I/R injury of the perfused kidneys in this model was dependent upon the cold ischemia time. The results support that the modified perfusion model is simple and appropriate for the study of early renal I/R injury and transplant immunology.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.498-505
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• 2004

Purpose: We compared captopril renal scintigraphic criteria for the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension by unilateral renal artery stenosis. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 24 patients (m/f : 16/8, age: $39{\pm}18$ years) with unilateral renal artery stenosis who underwent renal artery revascularization and captopril renal scintigraphy with $^{99m}Tc$-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid between May 1995 and April 2004. The blood pressure response was classified as cure/improvement or failure. We evaluated captopril-induced changes in relative function (BCfun) and renogram grade (0 to 5: 0=normal, and 5=renal failure pattern without measurable uptake) (CBren) and the difference of renograms between the normal and stenotic kidney on captopril scan (CNren). Results: light of 24 patients were cured and 11 improved and 5 patients were classified as failed revascularization. Significant predictors of a cure or improvement of blood pressure were younger age, stenosis by fibromuscular dysplasia or arteritis, BCfun, CBren and CNren. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of age, BCfun, CBren and CNren were not significantly different. Positive and negative predictive values of predictors were 100% and 42% (age ${\leq}38$): 92% and 50% (BCfun ${\geq}1%$): 92% and 75% (CBren ${\geq}1$), and 90% and 60% (CNren ${\geq}1$), respectively. Conclusion: Captopril induced changes in renal function and renogram can reliably predict hypertension response to revascularization. Renogram pattern on captopril scan can diagnose renovascular hypertension without baseline data in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.94-97
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• 2015

An 11-year-old intact male Yorkshire terrier had intermittent vomiting, anorexia and depression for a month. Clinical laboratory works showed azotemia and anemia. Chronic kidney disease with developing anemia was diagnosed clinically. Clinical signs were resolved but anemia was deteriorated and blood transfusion was performed. On 10 hours after transfusion, the dog showed acute respiratory distress. Transfusion related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed based on acute clinical signs, risk factors of transfusion, bilateral alveolar infiltration on thoracic radiographs, and $PO_2:FiO_2$ ratio less than 200 on arterial blood analysis. The dog died within 2 hours after ARDS diagnosis.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.2 s.29
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• pp.20-44
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• 2005

통과한의학화서양의학적원리연구심신적상호관계(通過韓醫學和西洋醫學的原理硏究心腎的相互關係), 득도료여하결론(得到了如下結論) 경연구심신지간재한의학상구유(經硏究心腎之間在韓醫學上具有): 심양여신음유'심신상교'적'수화기제'관계(心陽與腎陰有'心腎相交'的'水火旣濟'關係). 차외환유신양(명문화)여심양(심화)적상호의존관계(此外還有腎陽(命門火)與心陽(心火)的相互依存關係). 우유심장신여신장정적상호의존관계이지유신정충족시(又有心藏神與腎藏精的相互依存關係而只有腎精充足時), 재가이사심주신지적공능유지정상(才可以使心主神志的功能維持正常). 경연구심신지간재서양의학상구유(經硏究心腎之間在西洋醫學上具有): 제일(第一), 심장여신장재해부학상밀절연계(心臟與腎臟在解剖學上密切聯係), 즉종심장좌심실분지출신동맥(卽從心臟左心室分枝出腎動脈), 진이형성신소구등신장적혈관구화모세혈관강(進而形成腎小球等腎臟的血管球和毛細血管綱). 제이(第二), 심장향신장공응혈액(心臟向腎臟供應血液), 신장시인체중접수혈공최다적장기(腎臟是人體中接受血供最多的臟器). 제삼(第三), 심장통과심납소(ANP)적분비(的分泌), 증가신혈류양급신소체여과율(增加腎血流量及腎小體濾過率). 제사(第四), 신장통과신소(腎臟通過腎素)(renin)적분비조절혈압(的分泌調節血壓). 제오(第五), 신공능부전대심장구성부면영향(腎功能不全對心臟構成負面影響). 제육(第六), 심장여신장지간종서양의학적각도고려(心臟與腎臟之間從西洋醫學的角度考慮), 야존재착상생화상극관계(也存在着相生和相克關係). 경연구심신적상호관계재수행중적작용(經硏究心腎的相互關係在修行中的作用), 득출여하결론(得出如下結論): 제일(第一), 수행영인안정심지(修行令人安定心志), 사심화하강(使心火下降). 제이(第二), 수행시적호흡조절조폐금생신수(修行時的呼吸調節助肺金生腎水), 저시소유적수행법도재중시호흡조절적근본이유(這是所有的修行法都在重視呼吸調節的根本理由). 제삼(第三), 수행시발생수승화강(修行時發生水昇火降). 저실제상시의뢰심화중적일음효여신수중적일양효적발동내완성(這實際上是依賴心火中的一陰爻與腎水中的一陽爻的發動來完成). 제사(第四), 통과수행(通過修行), 가이달도보정적목적(可以達到保精的目的), 유차보장생명적지보(由此保藏生命的至寶). 제오(第五), 통과수행(通過修行), 가이달도연정화기(可以達到煉精化氣), 약능주도연정화기(若能做到煉精化氣), 가사인체불누설정액(可使人體不漏泄精液), 반이화기이증강인체기능(反而化氣以增强人體機能), 시보정적유효수단(是保精的有效手段). 수행적관건시'남자수성불누정(修行的關鍵是'男子修成不漏精), 여자수성온불누경(女子修成不漏經)'.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.531-536
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• 2007

Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic vasculitis of the medium and small arteries, as well as of the venules, arterioles, and occasionally large arteries, and primarily involves the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the kidneys. Renal symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis are indistinguishable from those of vasculitis such as Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ purpura and microscopic polyangiitis. This case, though initially diagnosed as Henoch-$Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ purpura, was confirmed as Wegener's granulomatosis from a lung biopsy fifteen years after the initial diagnosis. We report this case with a review of the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.559-581
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• 2022

Although renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign tumor, treatment may be necessary occasionally because it can cause potentially life-threatening retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Transarterial embolization (TAE) is a safe and effective treatment option to prevent the hemorrhagic rupture of AMLs and relieve the symptoms caused by enlarged lesions or active bleeding. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the indications for prophylactic TAE in patients with sporadic renal AMLs. In urgent TAE for bleeding AMLs, there is a likelihood of incomplete embolization when the focus is on stabilizing the clinical symptoms. This pictorial essay discusses the patient selection and technical considerations to achieve optimal therapeutic effects as well as the follow-up findings after TAE.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2010

Purpose : To evaluate the geometry of carotid artery by assessing the images of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) and interrelationships between the geometry of carotid artery and clinical factors. Materials and Methods : 216 consecutive patients who performed supraaortic CE-MRA with fast spoiled gradient-echo imaging were included. Their medical records were reviewed for variable information including risk factors predictive of generalized atherosclerotic disease (age, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidema, and smoking), sex, body weight, height, and body mass index (BMI). We reviewed the CE-MRA with carotid origin (3 types), carotid artery tortuosity, angle of internal carotid artery bifurcation, the type of aortic arch branching, and the presence of the coiling of carotid artery. Results : Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that significantly contributed clinical backgrounds for carotid origin were the age and the BMI. With an increase of age at 1, the probability that the type of carotid origin become from type 1 to type 2 was 0.9 times (p=0.004) in right carotid artery (RCA), 0.9 times (p = 0.031) in left carotid artery (LCA), 0.9 times that are likely to be type3 from type 2 (p<0.001) in RCA and 0.9 times in LCA (p=0.009). Increase in BMI at 1 increased odds of becoming type 2 as 1.1 times (p = 0.067) in RCA, 1.1 times (p=0.009) in LCA and increased chance of becoming type 3 as 1.2 times (p = 0.001) in RCA, 1.2 times (p=0.003) in LCA. Mean value of right and left carotid tortuosity were $240.9{\pm}69.0^{\circ}$and $154.4{\pm}55.0^{\circ}$, respectively. Conclusion : The BMI, age, sex and presence of HTN affects the geometry of carotid arteries, the site of origin and tortuosity of carotid artery specifically.