• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2018

In this study, we compared the measured values of the effective beam size of standard gamma irradiator with the simulation results to provide a useful means to the effective beam area determination. Results of the simulation and measured using ion chamber was distributed in a relative error of 4.5 ~ 7.3% of the case of air kerma rate. The size of the effective beam area is when the simulation was implemented in the horizontal direction 27cm, 21.6cm vertical direction, the measured result using a film was obtained similar results with the horizontal direction 26.5cm, 21.9cm vertical direction. The relative error in the horizontal direction is 1.85% and 1.38% vertical effective beam area was also similarly distributed around the field gamma rays. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that the effectiveness of the simulation was sufficient for the gamma irradiation system. In particular, it is small relative errors in the effective beam size than the air kerma rate is considered to be due to the size of the beam is determined by geometric factors rather than the capacity of the standard source. A further study is needed to improve the reliability of the photon energy distribution diagram using simulation.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-46
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• 2000

Pain can be evaluated by experimental methods and clinical methods, but due to subjective characteristics of pain, clinical methods are generally used. The clinical pain measurement tools are divided into unidimensional and multidimensional assessment tools. The former include Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Pain Faces Scale, and Poker Chip Tool and the latter include McGill Pain Questionnaire, MMPI, Pain Behavior Scale, Pain disability index, and Pain Rating Scale. Unidimensional pain scales mainly measure the intensity of pain on the basis of the patient's self report and their simple construction and ease of use enable the invesgator to assess acute pain. Multidimensional pain scales are used to evaluate subjective, psychological and behavioral aspects of pain and because of its comprehensive and confidential properties they are applied to chronic pain. Patient's linguistic and cognitive abilities are major factors to restrain accurate assessment of pain. Although behavioral patterns and vital sign are inferior to self-report in the measurement of pain, they can be useful indexes in those situations. When deciding on a pain-assessment tool, the investigator must determine which aspect of pain he or she wishes to evaluate on the characteristics of the group of patients, their backgrounds, and their communication skills. Making the proper choice will facilitate the acquisition of meaningful data and the formulation of valid conclusions.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.366-377
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• 2010

As internet and mobile technology brings rapid transformation to this society of information, how relations are conducted between customers have become a critical factor influencing companies. Companies are creating Internet communities based on their brands, encouraging customers to actively form and develop brand communities. Thus, this report proposes a plan to analyze the effectiveness of community activities based on the customers active involvement and how to effectively manage and utilize it. The purpose of this research is to understand the effects on-line brand communities and their characters have on customer behavior. Also, it will study the effects community attitudes have on brand decisions and oral transmission communication when on-line brand communities choose a brand. This report was conducted to survey on-line university students to understand how communities' attitude affects the decision of on-line university brand and oral transmissions when students choose to study at a on-line university. According to research, those factors brought positive responses to character of the brand communities(confidentiality of information, interactivity, convenience, intimacy) and by doing so, on the customer's attitude side, positive results on intention of purchase and oral transmissions can be expected. In addition, the character of the brand communities affects intention of purchase and oral transmission communication. Based on this research, it is possible to propose a marketing strategy that revitalizes brand communities' activities.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.44
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• pp.108-143
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• 2008

Candidate images refer to a holistic impression of a candidate which is composed of various dimensions of attributes. This study investigated how online and offline news media, campaign media such as political ads, televised debates, and candidate web-sites, and interpersonal political talk influenced voters' images of a candidate in such dimensions as personal traits, job-performance abilities, and policy capabilities, and further their political decision making in the 17th presidential election in Korea. The analysis focused on President Lee, Myung Bak who won the election by obtaining nearly 50% of the effective votes. According to the data analyses, first, uses of offline newspapers positively influenced voters' images of candidate Lee's personal traits such as his morality, integrity, trustworthiness, and compassion, yet online news uses had an opposite effect on voters' impression of his job-performance and economic policy capabilities. Secondly, among various campaign media, television ads and candidate web-sites positively contributed to the formation of candidate Lee's images, yet showed little direct effect on vote choice, indicating that campaign media mainly indirectly influenced voters' political decision making. Each of the first, second, and third televised candidate debates revealed unique effects on image formation and vote choice. Thirdly, the network size and frequency of political talk negatively influenced image formation regarding candidate Lee's personal traits and economic policy capabilities, yet the discussion network size positively contributed to the Lee votes. Forth, among various dimensions of candidate images, voters' perceptions of candidate Lee's personal traits appeared to be the most significant predictor of the support for him.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-69
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• 2005

Generally, brand is the title for discriminating their own goods and service from other competitive company, brand-image means customer's good and bad affection or loyalty the brand of specific company. Customers often choose the goods according to the value of goods brand. In terms of this viewpoint, the value of company's brand is very important factor to the company's success. Brand-image also effects customers on selling company's goods. Specially, to the hotel business that should ensure lots of customer for a long period with the interest and credit of customers, its brand-image is more significant. What the image is looked upon as a important factor in marketing is due to the difficulty of discrimination against goods standardized in price and quality. Therefore, the company's image acts as a more important marketing factor in the high industrial society. Also it means a lot to the customer's purchasing behavior. When the company's brand-image is recognized or discriminated, customer's memory is longer and customer's reliability is raised than other company's advertisement and public information. Nowadays, most of hotels are perceiving the importance on their own brand-image but in the lack of deep study and systematic strategy in reality. The purpose of this study is to research the effect on customer's purchasing intention of hotel brand-image and choice-attribution. The empirical research has been done from 23April, 2004 to 20May, 2004. Data were collected from general customers who are using hotel located in Taegu. In conclusion, hotel brand-image depends highly on, the service quality of hotel staff and reputation of hotel. Besides, this acts on customer's hotel choice decisively.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.387-411
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• 2007

The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) has become increasingly considerable anthropological, archaeological, biological and public interest. Although this approach is complicated by the natural damage and exogenous contamination of a DNA, archaeologists and biologists have attempted to understand issues such as human evolutionary history, migration and social organization, funeral custom and disease, and even evolutionary phylogeny of extinct animals. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) is powerful technique that analyzes DNA sequences from a little extract of an ancient specimen. However, deamination and fragmentation are common molecular damages of aDNA and cause enzymatic inhibition in PCR for DNA amplification. Besides, the deamination of a cytosine residue yielded an uracil residue in the ancient template, and results in the misincorporation of an adenine residue in PCR. This promotes a consistent substitution (cytosine thymine, guanine adenine) to original nucleotide sequences. Contamination with exogenous DNA is a major problem in aDNA analysis, and causes oversight as erroneous conclusion. This report represents serious problems that DNA modification and contamination are the main issues in result validation of aDNA analysis. Now, we introduce several criterions suggested to authenticate reliance of aDNA analysis by many researchers in this field.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.309-323
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• 2023

As the role of online reviews has become increasingly crucial, numerous studies have been conducted to utilize helpful reviews. Helpful reviews, perceived by customers, have been verified in various research studies to be influenced by factors such as ratings, review length, review content, and so on. The determination of a review's helpfulness is generally based on the number of 'helpful' votes from consumers, with more 'helpful' votes considered to have a more significant impact on consumers' purchasing decisions. However, recently written reviews that have not been exposed to many customers may have relatively few 'helpful' votes and may lack 'helpful' votes altogether due to a lack of participation. Therefore, rather than relying on the number of 'helpful' votes to assess the helpfulness of reviews, we aim to classify them based on review content. In addition, the text of the review emerges as the most influential factor in review helpfulness. This study employs text mining techniques, including topic modeling and sentiment analysis, to analyze the diverse impacts of content and emotions embedded in the review text. In this study, we propose a review helpfulness prediction model based on review content, utilizing movie reviews from IMDb, a global movie information site. We construct a review helpfulness prediction model by using an explainable Graph Neural Network (GNN), while addressing the interpretability limitations of the machine learning model. The explainable graph neural network is expected to provide more reliable information about helpful or non-helpful reviews as it can identify connections between reviews.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.235-247
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• 2019

In order to achieve the results that are appropriate for the purpose of the enterprise, it is important to comprehensively understand the behaviors within the roles of the members of the organization and actions outside the roles. However, there have been relatively few studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) among the existing studies that have been conducted to date. In particular, organizational citizenship behavior, a voluntary commitment by organizational members, is perceived as a very effective way of enhancing corporate performance, but studies on organizational citizenship behavior based on corporate social responsibility have rarely been conducted. In recent years, domestic companies have recognized social responsibility as an activity rather than an additional activity. Therefore, it is very meaningful to look at the organizational performance by examining the factors that make up this social responsibility from the perspective of the company. It is considered a task. In order to demonstrate this, this study collected 303 data from a business incubator center operated by universities and public institutions nationwide and used a total of 303 samples. As a result of the verification, the wages received by the members of the organization did not affect the organizational commitment, and the working hours and the working environment affected the organizational commitment. In addition, corporate social responsibility has an effect on organizational trust in the marketing side. Organizational commitment and organizational trust were studied to positively affect organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, this study divides the degree of perception of social responsibility of the organizational members into the high recognition group and the low recognition group and analyzed whether there is a difference in the level of organizational citizenship behavior according to the employment type (regular and irregular workers) The results of this study are as follows.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.976-982
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• 1998

The effects of the glycoprotein (PAG) isolated from Pteridium aquilinum on the immune function was examined in mice. PAG was intraperitoneally administered into BALB/C mice for 14 days and the antibody forming ability to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and the blastogenic responses of splenocytes were measured. PAG treatment significantly increased antibody formation to HEL in a dose-dependent manner. Blatogenesis of splenocytes in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, B-cell specific mitogen) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA, T-cell specific mitogen) was also increased after treatment with PAG, indicating that the PAG increases both humoral and cellular immunities. To examine whether the immune function of PAG was via a direct effect on the lymphocytes, splenocytes were isolated from BALB/C mice, exposed to various concentrations of PAG in vitro and the blastogenic responses were measured. In vitro exposure to PAG significantly increased blastogenesis of splenocytes to LPS up to $500{\;}{\mu}g/kg$, whereas the blastogenic response to PHA was not altered by PAG treatment. To identify the fraction responsible for the increase in the immune function, the effect of periodate digest, pronase digest or purified polysaccharide on the antibody production to HEL was examined. Crude protein fraction of PAG significantly increased the antibody formation to HEL. On the other hand, both crude and purified polysaccharide fractions did not have any effects on the antibody production ability. These data indicated that 1) PAG increased both humoral and cellular immune functions, 2) the increase in humoral immunity was probably via a direct action of PAG on lymphocytes and 3) the protein portion of PAG was responsible for the increase in humoral immunity.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.287-300
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• 2010

Objectives: We identified factors associated with any participation and with "good participation" (as assessed by frequency of attendance) in health promotion programs at a public health center in Korea. Methods: The subjects included 199 women who attended a baseline examination of health promotion programs during the first half of 2009. We collected data by structured interviews and physical examinations. Participation status was quantified by the frequency of attendance to the program. We classified the subjects as non-participants (0) and participants (1+ times), and as poor participants (0-29 times) and good participants (30+ times). Results: Of the 199 subjects, there were 57 (28.6%) non-participants, while 56 (28.1%) were classified as good participants. The factors that significantly affected participation status, as identified by univariate analysis, were personal factors (age, educational level, marital status, religion, living with someone, monthly income), environmental factors (method of access, accessibility of other facilities), body mass index, hypertension, perceived barriers to health, emotional salience, affectionate domain of social support, and depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that method of access was the most significant factor affecting participation in the health promotion program, and that the factors most highly associated with good participation were emotional salience, hypertension and body mass index. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that specific factors determine and enhance participation in health promotion programs offered by public health centers. These factors should be considered during the design and evaluation of health promotion programs that are offered by public health centers.