• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.6A
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• pp.449-456
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• 2011

Spacing factor proposed by Power is a concept of averaging air void spacing composed of geometric models. Thus, there's a limitation on simulating actual air void characteristics in concrete. This study presents SDI(spacing distribution index) to overcome the limitation of spacing factor. SDI is also evaluated through comparing SDI with SF(spacing factor). In this study, it was confirmed that SF decreased due to increasing air-entrainer content but SDI increased. This occurs because SDI is the area of spacing distribution curve and SDI increases with increasing the frequency of spacing. SDI is evaluated to have better coverage below $300{\mu}m$ of SF so that determination of critical point of SDI above 80% of durability index can be easily obtained with more reliability. SDI is the area of spacing distribution curve and reflects actual air void characteristics in concrete. A comparative study of SDI and results of freeze-thaw test will be performed later.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.69-91
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• 2007

This study is aimed to analyze the impact of the perception of fairness on the relationship quality as a way to enhance the competitiveness through the establishment of a long-term relationship between food service franchisors and franchisees. An empirical analysis found that the more positively the fairness of franchisors is recognized, the more positive impact it has on the relationship quality. As both the distributive fairness and the procedural fairness, the two concepts of fairness, are perceived in a more positive manner, the trust and satisfaction over franchisers were found to be higher, with the conflict shown to be lower. Though both the distributive fairness and the procedural fairness showed a significant result, the procedural fairness, in particular, has a greater impact on the trust and satisfaction over franchisers than the distributive fairness. In addition, the quality of relationship between franchisor and franchisees has a positive impact on a long-term commitment. That is that as their trust and satisfaction over franchisors are higher with less conflict, franchisees will become more cooperative with their franchisors. The greatest impact on the long-term unity, among the factors that constitute the relationship quality, appeared to be trust. Accordingly, it is advisable persons in charge at franchisors place the greatest focus on fostering trust to establish a long-term relationship, inducing it in a positive direction. From such result, suggestions can be made in establishing a strategy for developing an appropriate relationship between food service franchisors and franchisees. Firstly, persons in charge at food service franchisors will have to induce the perception of franchisors' procedural fairness by franchisees in a positive direction in order to enhance the Quality of relationship with franchisees. Secondly, as an alternative strategy for forming a long-term relationship between franchisors and franchisees, the effort should be made to foster a greater trust in franchisors first. In many cases, franchisors currently focus more on their convenience in management than the development of systems to satisfy the franchisee needs. This contravenes with the essence of relationship marketing and thus, it can be said it is the most important of all that focus should be directed at trust and fairness in the effort toward a sustained relationship between franchisors and franchisees in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.606-620
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Children's Play Disposition Scale(CPDS) which could be used to evaluate children's play patterns and preferences. The participants of this study were parents of 437 5-7-year-old children (age range from 51months to 106months). Preliminary items were developed through a review of relevant research, multiple intelligence theory and scales, confirmation of item adequacy and content validity. After the content validity was confirmed by experts, these items were edited down to a final list of 27 items representing 6 factors identified by exploratory factor analysis. The 6 factors of the scale consists of initiative, linguistic activity, logical-mathematical activity, art and craft, physical activity, and sensitivity respectively. Concurrent validity was established by using correlations between each factor of the CPDS and sub-factors and the total scores of Multiple Intelligence Checklist for preschoolers (Multiple Intelligence Institute Co., Ltd, 2008) and Multiple Intelligence Checklist for elementary schoolers (Multiple Intelligence Institute Co., Ltd, 2007). In addition, the reliability of each factor, as measured by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, ranged from .53 to .79. The CPDS provides the developmental and educational information for strengthening children's developmental forte and for supporting children's developmental weakness. This scale can be used on developing children's play contents and guiding play methods in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.390-390
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• 2018

산업화에 따른 온실가스 배출량 증가는 심각한 기후변화의 요인으로 작용하여 우리나라를 포함한 전세계는 이에 대응하고자 노력하고 있다. 지구온난화 및 엘리뇨 현상 등으로 인하여 가뭄, 홍수, 한파, 혹서 등의 재해와 기상이변이 속출하고, 최근 우리나라의 경우 매년 가뭄이 발생하고 있어 이에 대한 대책이 시급한 실정이다. 이에 가뭄의 대처방안에 대한 관심이 증대 되었고, 가뭄을 정량적으로 하는 연구들과 기후변화에 따른 가뭄 취약성 평가에 대한 연구들이 진행 되었다. 가뭄의 취약성 평가는 기후변화에 따른 가뭄 저감을 위한 목적에 따라 평가목적, 평가방법, 필요한 정보, 과정의 설계 불확실성에 대한 고려 등이 달라진다. 취약성 평가의 목적은 크게 기후영향평가, 적응정책의 자원배분을 위한 취약부문 및 지역 파악, 적응정책 개발을 위한 적응 대안 분석으로 나눌 수 있다. 취약성 평가의 목적이 취약성 유발요인에 관한 정보를 제공하여 어디에 적응 대책에 필요하고 효과적일 수 있는지 파악하는데 도움을 주는 것이라면, 취약성 결정요인에 대한 분석을 명료하고 상세하게 수행하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 기후변화에 따른 농업용수의 취약성 평가지표를 개발하기 위하여 국내 외 취약성 평가 지표를 분석, 국내 농업기상 및 농업용수 등 관련 자료(1981 ~ 2015)의 조사 현황을 고려하여 취약성 평가지표(강우량, 증발산량, 경지면적, 저수용량, 용수로 통수능력, 수요량, 하천평수위)를 제시하고 국내 농업기상 및 농업용수 등 관련 자료의 조사 현황을 고려하여 대상지구인 충북 진천 무수 관개지구에 취약성 지표를 적용하였다. 강우의 증가는 가뭄 취약성에 긍정적 영향을 나타냈고, 증발산량의 증가는 부정적인 영향을 나타냈다. 경지면적의 감소는 소비수량이 증가하므로 가뭄 취약성에 긍정적인 영향을 나타냈고, 저수 용량의 감소는 홍수조절능력의 저하로 인해 부정적인 영향을 끼치고, 하천 홍수위의 변화는 가뭄에 영향을 미치는 요소 중의 하나로 홍수위가 높아지면 가뭄에 부정적인 영향을 나타냈다. 가뭄 취약성 지표들을 각각의 가중치를 합산한 결과, 1981년~2015(5년 분할) 무수지구의 가뭄 취약성 평가는 분석을 시작한 1981년부터 2015년 까지 안전과 우려가 반복 되는 것으로 나타났다. 연구대상지구의 농업기상 및 관련 자료들의 조사 기간이 길면 빈도별 신뢰성이 높아진다. 따라서 자료의 누적은 정확한 기후변화에 대한 이수 및 치수 취약성 평가 지표개발 및 평가 능력을 높여 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.25-46
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• 2008

By using data envelopment analysis(DEA) this research measures the efficiency of Korea's five seaports and their Malmquist productivity from 1997 to 2006. Under the assumption of CRS(constant returns to scale) and VRS(various returns to scale), seaports' rankings of efficiency are measured. Busan port is confirmed as a best-performed port in the various measurements. Important finding facts are as follows. 1)Busan, lncheon and Ulsan seaports are efficient ports under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 2)Gwangyang port shows 4.3% lower efficiency level compared with efficient ports. 3)Pohang port shows 27.3% lower efficiency level compared with efficient ports. 4)Average total factor productivity of Korea's five ports has been lower at the rate of 3.1% during the period from 1997 to 2006. Main policy implications are 1)Busan port is more efficient than Gwangyang port, which reflects the difference of economic activities between two regional econmies. 2)During the period 1997-2006, Korea's five largest ports has experienced lower efficiency levels in the first half period because of the 1997 Korean Financial Crisis, but higher efficiency levels in the second half period because of economic recovery. In future research the more and better data will be expected to improve the understanding of Korean seaports' efficiency characteristics.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.51-75
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• 2014

Sustainability has already become one of the most important innovation policy agendas in many countries. Korea has tried to emulate this global trend in various forms, unfortunately with little success. A very strong tradition of centralized administration in Korea has meant that local communities and municipalities have remained more or less passive in tackling their own sustainability issues and problems. In recent years, with the impetus of huge democratization attempts in Korea since the late 1980s, there have been some local attempts to remedy these imbalances since the early 2000s. A series of local experiments to try and test green alternatives against the very hostile environment have been implemented, with varying degrees of success. This study analyzed cases of transition experiment to sustainable socio-technical system such as MUSIC project, Low Carbon Green Village and Citizens' Sunlight Power Stations. To draw politic meanings for sustainable socio-technical system, these content, process of conversion and feature were examined.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.65-80
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the HLS-EU-Q47 that deals with the concept of health literacy based on the understanding, apply/use, process/appraisal, and access/obtain to health information. The purpose of this study is to confirm the level of comprehensive health literacy of the elderly in Korea using this tool. Methods : After going through the Korean interpretation process of HLS-EU-Q47, the items were confirmed through content validity verification by experts. The completed Korean-HLS-EU-Q47 (K-HLS-EU-Q47) was applied to 254 elderly people in the local community to analyze the degree of internal consistency and reliability. Furthermore, a comparative analysis based on the general variables was conducted. Results : The internal consistency of this tool for the elderly yielded Cronbach's 𝛼 of .81~.91, indicating a high level of reliability. There was a difference in health literacy according to sex and age based on general characteristics. Men had higher health literacy than women, and with increasing age, health literacy decreased. Conclusion : In this study, the K-HLS-EU-Q47 was developed to assess the comprehensive health literacy level of the elderly in Korea. It is expected that the search for ways to maintain a healthier life for the elderly through understanding the health literacy levels of the elderly using the results of this study will become more active.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5B
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• pp.473-482
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• 2009

This study numerically discusses wave forces acting on a vertical wall such as breakwaters or revetments, subjected to incident undular or turbulent bores. Due to the complex hydrodynamics of bore, its wave forces have been predicted, mainly through laboratory experiments. Numerical simulations in this paper were carried out by CADMAS-SURF(CDIT, 2001), which is based on Navier-Stokes momentum equations and VOF method (Hirt and Nichols, 1981) for tracking free water surface. Its original source code was also partly revised to generate bore in the numerical water channel. Numerical raw data computed by CADMAS-SURF included great strong spike phenomena that show the abrupt jumps of wave loads. To resolve this undesired noise of raw data, the band-pass filter with the frequency of 5Hz was utilized. The filtered results showed reasonable agreements with the experimental results performed by Matsutomi (1991) and Ramsden (1996). It was confirmed that CADMASSURF can be applied to the design of coastal structures against tsunami bores. In addition, the transformation process and propagation speed of bores in the same 2-d water channel were discussed by the variations of water level for time and space. The numerical results indicated that the propagation speed of bore was changed due to the nonlinear interactions between negative and reflected waves.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.3 s.87
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

Today the application of antiwashout underwater concrete to the construction sites is increasing steadily, while its reliability is in issue. Particularly, antiwashout underwater concrete is known to have very weak durability on frost attack, and hence Japan society of civil engineers(JSCE) regulated that not to use of antiwashout underwater concrete where the freezing and thawing is suspected. This study aims the improvement of the freezing and thawing resistance for antiwashout underwater concrete. From the results of fundamental test, FA20 and SG50 showed good performance in fluidity and long term compressive strength than control concrete. Meanwhile, MK10 marked the highest compressive strength through the whole curing age but a defect on fluidity was discovered. The results from the repeated freezing and thawing test show that the large volumes of air entrapped by cellulose based antiwashout underwater admixture gave bad effects to frost durability and hence not much benefits were confirmed from the use of mineral admixtures. However there were some increasing effects on frost durability of MK10 and SG50 by securing $6{\pm}0.5\%$ of entraining air. In the meantime, there was a increasing tendency of frost durability by increasing blame's fineness of ground granulated blast furnace slag.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.391-400
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• 2015

Korea is a global steel producer and a major consumer while iron ore producing is very low compared to the demand. On the other hand, North Korea holds tremendous amount of iron reserves and, however, its producing rate is limited. Moreover, the data regarding mineral resources of North Korea is very limited and uncertain because of political isolation. This study estimated the amount of iron ore resource and production amount for the Musan Iron mine, the world-known open-pit mine of North Korea, using satellite imagery(Landsat MSS, ASTER) and digital maps between 1976 to 2007. As a result, the mining area of Musan mine was increased by $6.1km^2$ during the 30 years and the mining sector was estimated as $4.9km^2$. We estimated the iron resources and production amount of 0.7 and 0.2 billion metric tons, respectively based on 3D modeling and average iron ore density of Anshan formation in China. This amount indicates 8.1 million tons of annual average production and it coincides well with previous reports. We expect this study would be utilized significantly on inter-Korean exchange programs by providing trustable preliminary data.