• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

Objectives:Abnormalities in the frontal lobe have been consistently suggested in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship between the frontal lobe and depression. Methods:Recent researches on the frontal lobe in depression were reviewed and abnormalities in this region were considered within the context of modern functional neuroanatomy. Results:This paper reviewed evidence strongly implicating the frontal lobe as a key brain structure in depression. Conclusion:Taken together, these abnormalities in the function of the frontal lobe implicate interconnected neural circuits in depression and offer suggestions for the themes of future research and treatment. Further research is needed to investigate the association between emotion and the brain in the paradigm of "affective neuroscience".

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2015

This study was performed to comparative investigate the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoint by using neural tracing technique. A total 4 SD rats were used in the present study. After anesthesia, the rats received microinjection of $6{\mu}l$ of cholera toxin B subunit(CTB) into the corresponding sites of the acupoints Cheonji(PC1) in the human body for observing the distribution of the related primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia(DRGs) and motor neurons in the spinal cord(C3~T4) and sympathetic ganglia. Three days after the microinjection, the rats were anesthetized and transcardially perfused saline and 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by routine section of the DRGs, sympathetic chain ganglia(SCGs) and spinal cord. Labeled neurons and nerve fibers were detected by immunohistochemical method and observed by light microscope equipped with a digital camera. The labeled neurons were recorded and counted. From this research, the distribution of primary sensory and motor neurons associated with Cheonji(PC1) acupoints were concluded as follows. Muscle meridian related Cheonji(PC1) are controlled by spinal segments of C5~T1, C6~T4, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.176-185
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• 2019

Diffusion tensor images were obtained for middle-aged men according to the AUDIT-K scale. As a result of the fractional anisotropy (FA) value of the gyrus nerve fibers in the brain region measured and analyzed by the Tract-Based Spatial Statics, FA values of general drinkers were measured lower than those of estimated alcohol use disabled people. This was statistically significant. In other words, the use of alcohol significantly affects the anatomic microstructural changes measured in the Gyrus of the brain region, and it may damage the nerve fiber tract and affect the functional abnormalities associated with it.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2023

Abnormal spinal disease and function, in addition to simple musculoskeletal problems, can disrupt homeostasis and cause direct and indirect physiological side effects. Part or all of the immune function can be compromised, exposing you to more disease, especially if the nerves running through your spine do not deliver the proper signals to the organs that regulate your immune system. This study focuses on basic anatomic and physiological knowledge and seeks to consider potential mechanisms by which spinal function may potentially help maintain or improve immune function. To this end, we examine the roles of the spine in relation to hematopoiesis, stress, respiration, spine-nerve relationships, and the immune system, and confirm that these roles may influence immune function.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 2006

The threadlike structures of fascia were examined by tight and electron microscopy. In order to distinguish its tissue organization, we used staining methods including hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Van Gieson's collagen fiber stain and Kluver-Barrera's luxol fast blue for nerve stain. Under the light microscope, the threadlike structures were composed of many collagen fibers and nerve. In higher magnification, they looked like as the bundle of tubular structures. Many myoid cell-spindle nuclei were observed in the tissue, which were taken from the fascia. It was identical with Bonghan duct known as one of meridian network theory. In the early 1960's the North Korean Bong-Han Kim showed the anatomical structures of the acupuncture points, and explained the meridian system as the concrete duct network system. According to Bonghan theory the Bonghan ducts spread throughout the body Because it is believed that the duct could have the role of signal pathway, the theory was reinvestigated in these days. All of the threadlike structures isolated from fascia shows the abundance of collagen fibers. The electron microscope examination (TEM) could confirm the well arranged collagen fiber and nerve. This investigation reveals that superficial Bohghan duct are nerve fiber parallel running with collagen fibers. We conjectured that the intermingled structure of collagen fiber, blood vessel and nerve fiber might have the role of meridian system. And the more, regardless of histological research, the study on collagen fiber as response transmitter in acupuncture treatment are in need.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.525-530
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• 1998

Thoracoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary palmar hyperhidrosis has been known to be effective and to have cosmetic merits compared to conventional open sympathectomy. In spite of its cosmetic advantages over thoracotomy, VATS using 5 mm or 10 mm instruments still has the problem of operative wound as well as pain on trocar sites. Recently, 2 mm thoracoscopic instruments have been used. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of thoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis with 2 mm thoracoscopic instruments. From January 1997 to April 1997, 46 patients underwent bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy with 2mm instruments at Seoul National University Hospital. T-2 ganglion was carefully dissected and resected out in all patients. In one patient, the lower third of T-1 ganglion was inadvertently resected together with T-2 ganglion due to poor anatomical localization. In 4 patients who also complained of excessive axillary sweating, T-3 ganglion was resected as well. The instruments were removed without leaving any chest drain after reexpansion of the lung. Trocar sites were approximated with sterile tapes. All patients were relieved of excessive sweating in their upper extremities immediately after the operation. Nine patients(19.6%) showed incomplete reexpansion of the lung, and two of them required needle aspiration. Complications related to the surgical procedures, such as Horner's syndrome, hemothorax, and brachial plexus injury, were not detected in any cases. Most patientsdid not complaine of pain. All patients were discharged from the hospital on the day of operation. Despite a narrow operative viewfield, thoracic sympathectomy with 2 mm thoracoscopic instruments can be performed without increasing any severe complications. We recommend 2 mm instruments for thoracoscopic sympathectomy because they make as the more cosmetic, less painful, and equally effective compared to thoracoscopic sympathectomy using 5 mm or greater instruments.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.76-86
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• 1994

Objectives: This research was performed in order to observe the neuropsychological implication and functional anatomical source of event related potentials(ERP) by studying of correlations between event related potentials and neuropsychological tests. Methods: The latency and voltage of P100 of visual evoked potential (VEP), and N120 and P300 of event related potentials were studied in 56 patients and their correlations with neuropsychological tests were computed. Results: The tests showing significant correlation with latency P100 were visual continous performance test(VCPT) and contingent continous performance test(CCPT) without any significant correlation with voltage of P100. In latency of N120 category test and verbal IQ of KWIS showed significant correlation, and in voltage of N120, finger tapping test, VCPT, CCPT and digit symbol test displayed significant correlations. The latency of P300 had significant correlation with trail making A test and Stroop test. In the voltage of P300 significant correlations were shown with trail making B test, digit symbol test and Wechsler memory scale, finger tapping test, stroop test, VCPT and CCPT. Conclusion : N120 may be considered to reflect the function of medial frontal lobe and P300 may be considered to be developed from the subcortical connection of medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, thalamus, basal ganglia and medial frontal lobe.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.2-8
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to implement a software to visualize tumor and its surrounding fiber tracts simultaneously using diffusion tensor imaging and examine the feasibility of our software for investigating the influence of tumor on its surrounding fiber connectivity. Material and Methods : MR examination including T1-weigted and diffusion tensor images of a patient with brain tumor was performed on a 3.0 T MRI unit. We used the skull-striped brain and segmented tumor images for volume/surface rendering and anatomical information from contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Diffusion tensor images for the white matter fiber-tractography were acquired using a SE-EPI with a diffusion scheme of 25 directions. Fiber-tractography was performed using the streamline and tensorline methods. To correct a spatial mismatch between T1-weighted and diffusion tensor images, they were coregistered using a SPM. Our software was implemented under window-based PC system. Results : We successfully implemented the integrated visualization of the fiber tracts with tube-like surfaces, cortical surface and the tumor with volume/surface renderings in a patient with brain tumor. Conclusion : Our result showed the feasibility of the integrated visualization of brain tumor and its surrounding fiber tracts. In addition, our implementation for integrated visualization can be utilized to navigate the brain for the quantitative analysis of fractional anisotropy to assess changes in the white matter tract integrity of edematic and peri-edematic regions in a number of tumor patients.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.455-468
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• 1998

For the objective interpretation of cerebral metabolic patterns in epilepsy patients, we developed computer-aided classifier using artificial neural network. We studied interictal brain FDG PET scans of 257 epilepsy patients who were diagnosed as normal(n=64), L TLE (n=112), or R TLE (n=81) by visual interpretation. Automatically segmented volume of interest (VOI) was used to reliably extract the features representing patterns of cerebral metabolism. All images were spatially normalized to MNI standard PET template and smoothed with 16mm FWHM Gaussian kernel using SPM96. Mean count in cerebral region was normalized. The VOls for 34 cerebral regions were previously defined on the standard template and 17 different counts of mirrored regions to hemispheric midline were extracted from spatially normalized images. A three-layer feed-forward error back-propagation neural network classifier with 7 input nodes and 3 output nodes was used. The network was trained to interpret metabolic patterns and produce identical diagnoses with those of expert viewers. The performance of the neural network was optimized by testing with 5~40 nodes in hidden layer. Randomly selected 40 images from each group were used to train the network and the remainders were used to test the learned network. The optimized neural network gave a maximum agreement rate of 80.3% with expert viewers. It used 20 hidden nodes and was trained for 1508 epochs. Also, neural network gave agreement rates of 75~80% with 10 or 30 nodes in hidden layer. We conclude that artificial neural network performed as well as human experts and could be potentially useful as clinical decision support tool for the localization of epileptogenic zones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.309-312
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 인간과 로봇의 상호작용을 위해 감정에 기반한 감정 처리 모델을 설계하였다. 감정 재현 기술은 사용자에게 친근감을 주기 위해 로봇 시스템이 제스처, 표정을 통하여 사람이나 동물의 감성과 동작을 표현하는 분야이다. 로봇이 감정을 표현하는 문제에는 많은 심리학적, 해부학적, 공학적 문제가 관련된다. 여러가지 애매모호한 상황임에 불구하고 심리학자인 Ekman과 Friesen에 의해 사람의 여섯 가지 기본 표정이 놀람, 공포, 혐오, 행복감, 두려움, 슬픔은 문화에 영향을 받지 않고 공통적으로 인식되는 보편성을 가지고 있는 것으로 연구됐다. 사람의 행동에 대한 로봇의 반응이 학습되어 감정모델이 결정되고, 그 결과가 행동결정에 영향을 주어 로봇의 행동에 반영되도록 하였다. 본 논문에서는 인간과 로봇과의 상호작용을 통해 정보를 축적하고 인간의 반응에 적응해나 갈 수 있는 감정 처리 모델을 제안한다.