• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1988

The abdominal tumors in children are different from those of adult. These tumors are the third most common one, preceded by leukemia and brain tumors, in children under 15 years. X-ray examination is the most important method among diagnostic approaches. The role of diagnostic imaging is to identify the precise anatomic location and extent of pathologic process with the minimal number of imaging procedures. 23 cases of abdominal tumors were reviewed in respect of age incidence, site of origin, radiologic findings. The results are briefly summarized as follows : 1. Neuroblastoma was the most common(6 cases) and wi1m's tumor(5 cases), choledocal cyst(4 cases), ovarian mass(3 cases), hydronephrosis(2 cases), were descending order in frequency. 2. The most common site was retroperitoneum(60%). Kidney was the single most common site of origin. 3. Radiologic findings. The most common findings of plain radiography was ill defined soft tissue mass and this method was helpful in the presence of calcification especially in neuroblastoma. Ultrasonographic pattern was anechoic(cystic), echoic or mixed pattern, but this method provide less precise anatomical details, nevertheless ultrasonography wes paticullary useful imaging modality for the pediatric abdominal tumors. IVP findings were renal displacement, caliceopelvic system distortion or nonvisualization of kidney, these information was helpful in determining the location of tumors. CT scan showed homogenous or inhomogenous, cystic or solid, mass with their anatomic location. 4. Ultrasonography was the most widely used specific diagnostic method, but had limited value in detecting the anatomic location of tumors. CT scan was superior to ultrasound for determining the extent of tumors.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.203-215
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• 2016

This study was performed in order to investigate the effect of breast milk on pain relief in newborn during heel lancing. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design by double blinded experiment was used. 50 neonates were randomized to receive breast milk (experimental group, n=25) or no treatment (control group, n=25) before undergoing heel lancing. Informed consent was obtained from parents of 50 neonates. Neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS), respiration rate, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and crying duration were used to assess subjects' pain reaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. The experimental and control group showed a statistically significant differences in NIPS score (F=28.89, p<.001), heart rate (F=14.03, p<.001), respiration rate (F=4.79, p=.001), oxygen saturation (F=2.69, p=.027), and crying duration (t=-8.78, p <.001) at each time points (during heel lancing, right after heel lancing, 1, 2, 3 minutes after heel lancing). The result suggest that oral administration of expressed breast milk is safe and natural agents for reducing procedural pain of neonates. Another clinical trial study with more samples is recommended.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept that can explain the discrepancies between the pathologic burden of the disease and clinical manifestations. It refers to the individual susceptibility to age-related brain changes and pathologies related to Alzheimer's disease, thus recognized as a factor affecting the trajectories of the disease. The purpose of this study was to explore the current states of clinical studies on neural substrates of CR in Alzheimer's disease using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We searched for clinical studies on CR using fMRI in the Pubmed, Cochrane library, RISS, KISS and ScienceON on August 14, 2023. Once the online search was finished, studies were selected manually by the inclusion criteria. Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of selected articles and reviewed the neural substrates of CR. Total thirty-four studies were included in this study. As surrogate markers of CR, not only education and occupational complexity, but also composite score and questionnaire-based method, which cover various areas of life, were mainly used. The most utilized methods in resting-state fMRI were independent component analysis, seed-based analysis, and graph theory analysis. Through the analysis, we demonstrated that neuroimaging techniques could capture the neural substrates associated with cognitive reserve. Moreover, functional connectivity of brain regions centered on prefrontal and parietal cortex and network areas such as default mode network showed a significant correlation with CR, which indicated a significant association with cognitive performance. CR may induce differential effects according to the disease status. We hope that this perspective on cognitive reserve would be helpful when conducting clinical researches on the mechanisms of traditional Korean medicine for Alzheimer's disease in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.85-88
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• 1994

근래 골조직에 있어서 자율신경의 기능에 대하여 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있으며, 골내의 자율신경의 해부학적 분포는 많이 알려져 있다. 그러나 임상적으로 반사적 교감신경 이상이나 레이노드 현상등과 같은 교감신경의 기능이상증에서나, 버거씨병 등의 치료 목적으로 시행되고 있는 교감신경 절제술 후, 자율신경기능의 변화가 사지골의 혈류나 골대사에 미치는 영향에 대하여는 아직도 논란의 여지가 있다. 저자들은 교감신경절제술 후 시간 경과에 따른 골에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 흰쥐에서 골대사와 혈류상태를 비교적 충실히 반영하는 정량적 골스캔을 시행하였다. 체중 $300{\sim}400g$의 수컷 흰쥐 10마리에서 복강을 통한 편측 요추부 교감신경절제술을 시행하였고, 수술 전과 후 1일, 3일, 1주, 2주, 3주, 4주에 양측 하지에서 각각 골스캔을 시행하고 교감신경 절제측 하지와 정상 하지에 대칭적으로 관심구역을 정하여 양측의 골스캔상 섭취계수를 비교하였다. 측정부위는 각 하지의 대퇴골간, 경골간 및 중족골로 하였다. 교감신경 절제술을 시행한 하지에서는 골스캔 소견상 수술 후 1일 또는 3일부터 동위원소 집적이 유의하게 증가되었으며 원위부로 갈수록 더욱 증가되었다. 그러나 3주 이후에는 정상측 수준으로 환원되었다. 교감신경절제술 후 골스캔상 동위원소집적이 증가되는 것은 골자체의 혈류가 증가되기 때문이며 이차적으로 골의 흡수를 유발하여 골밀도가 감소하는 것으로 생각되는데 이러한 변화는 시술 후 1일 째부터 관찰되어 사지골이 교감신경 절제에 매우 민감하게 반응하는 것을 알 수 있었다.9m}Tc$-MAA를 이용한 간 동맥 혈류 검사는 간암에서 색전술의 효과를 정확히 평가할 수 있는 유용한 검사법으로 이용될 수 있으리라 생각한다. 활성화 과정을 알아볼 수 있었으며 위상영상히스토그램을 통하여 이를 정량화하여 심실내 전기적 활성의 비동시성 여부를 추적관찰 할 수 있는 비관혈적검사임을 확인하였다.며, 3. $^{99m}Tc$으로 표지된 avidin과 streptavidin은 먼저 간으로 흡수된 후 대사된 다음 신장으로 배설된다는 사실을 알았다.damole에 의한 부작용은 흉통, 두통, 복통 등의 순이었고 전예에서 호전되었으며 생명에 위험을 초래할 수 있는 정도의 심장마비나 심부정맥은 한 예에서도 없었다. 결론적으로 dipyridamole은 약물부하 심근 SPECT 검사에 안전하게 사용할 수 있는 약물로 사료된다. 미소핵 빈도수가 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 각 군간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 결론 : 임상적으로 치료를 중단하게 되는 1000mCi/60 Kg(16.67 mCi/Kg)를 투여한 군에서도 생쥐 골수내 미소핵이 발현되지 않는 것으로 보아, 방사성옥소는 비교적 안심하고 치료에 사용할 수 있는 제제로 사료되었다.반드시 비례하지만은 않아서 시간경과에 따른 추후 검사가 필요하리라 생각된다. 또한 방광요관역류가 있는 환아에서 DMSA 섭취율로 신기능을 평가할 때, 특히 영유아에서 연령에 따른 고려가 있어야 할 것으로 보인다.었다. 4) $^{99m}Tc-DISIDA$ hepatobiliary scintigram 음성율을

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.5-48
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• 2014

Introduction : One of the important domains in OT is performance skills which include sensory perceptual skills, motor and praxis skills, emotional regulation skills, cognitive skills, and communication/social skills. All of these skills are support ed by integrated neurological processes. Body : Stereology robust tool when employed to investigate morphological changes in neurons, cortex area, and specific parts of brain involved in special brain function. Stereology is an interdisciplinary field focused or analyzing biological tissue with the three-dimensional interpretation of planer sections by using estimating method and mathematically unbiased sampling. With the unbiased stereological method based on probability theory, researchers can estimate morphological and anatomical changes in biological reference areas accurately and efficiently. Changes in anatomical and cytoarchitectural parameters, such as volume, number, and length, affect specific brain function related to the brain area. Occupational therapists provide treatment to improve functions for participation of occupation in neurological disorder. The functional improvements in neurological disorder reflect neurobiological changes because functional difficulties, such as motor cognitive disorder, are due to neurological disturbances. Thus, combination of two kinds of evidence, neurological changes and functional improvement, provide fundamental evidence for OT intervention in neurological disorder. Even though most of stereological studies are in animal model and in postmortem human because of practical and ethical issues, stereology provides fundamental knowledge to support OT theory and practice. Conclusion : Therefore, stereology informs translation from neuroscience to OT based on structure-function relationship in performance skills and experience-dependent neural plasticity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.283-289
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• 2002

Backgrouds: It is almost universally accepted that occlusive vascular diseases are best managed by anatomical reconstruction. However, the mortality and the morbidity have limited this operation for patients with high operation risks. In these patients, palliative operations such as extra-anatomic bypass and lumbar sympathectomy, are accepted as useful treatment. Material and Method: A retrospective study was conducted in 38 patients who underwent palliative operations for occlusive vascular disease at Korea University Guro Hospital between 1996 and 2000. Mean age of the patients was 60.37 $\pm$ 17.65 years, and preoperative diagnoses were atherosclerosis in 32 patients, Buerger's disease in 4 patients, Raynaud's syndrome in 1 patient and SVC syndrome in 1 patient. Result: Extra-anatomic bypass(40procedures), lumbar sympathectomy(17), thromboembolectomy(7) and femoral artery graft interposition(1) were performed. Six patients were required reoperation due to graft flow failure or fistula. Three year primary patency rate of entire operations was 78.29 $\pm$ 8.81%, and the correlation between type of operation and patency rate was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Palliative operations for occlusive vascular disease are useful treatment in limited patients with high operation risks or limited life expectancy.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2011

In the present study was to examine the influence of cold stress conditions on memory function in relation with 5-hydroxytryptamine(serotonin, 5-HT), trptophanhydroxylase(TPH) expression and cell proliferation in the hippocampus. For this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $250{\pm}10g$ (7 weeks in age) were used. The rats were randomly divided into three groups(n = 10 in each group): the $22^{\circ}C$-control group, the $4^{\circ}C$-3 days group, the $4^{\circ}C$-5 weeks group. The environmental temperature at $22^{\circ}C$ set as the normal conditions, $4^{\circ}C$ was as the cold stress conditions. The present results showed that cold stress conditions shorten latency, representing cold stress disturbed memory function. 5-HT and TPH expressions in the dorsal raphe were increased cold stress. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was increased under cold conditions. The present study revealed that cold stress exerted deteriorative memory function. However, through increasing of 5-HT, TPH and BrdU expression under cold stress conditions did not show memory enhancing effect.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 1995

In order to construct a feature map-based phoneme classification system for speech recognition, two procedures are usually required. One is clustering and the other is labeling. In this paper, we present a phoneme classification system based on the Kohonen's Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) for clusterer and labeler. It is known that the SOFM performs self-organizing process by which optimal local topographical mapping of the signal space and yields a reasonably high accuracy in recognition tasks. Consequently, SOFM can effectively be applied to the recognition of phonemes. Besides to improve the performance of the phoneme classification system, we propose the learning algorithm combined with the classical K-mans clustering algorithm in fine-tuning stage. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed phoneme classification algorithm, we first use totaly 43 phonemes which construct six intra-class feature maps for six different phoneme classes. From the speaker-dependent phoneme classification tests using these six feature maps, we obtain recognition rate of $87.2\%$ and confirm that the proposed algorithm is an efficient method for improvement of recognition performance and convergence speed.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2004

Interests in human brain functionality and its connectivity have much frown up. DTI (Diffusion tensor imaging) has been known as a non-invasive MR) technique capable of providing information on water diffusion in tissues and the organization of white matter tract. Thus. It can provide us the information on the direction of brain fiber tract and the connectivity among many important cortical regions which can not be examined by other anatomical or functional MRI techniques. In this study. was used the 24 bit color coding scheme on the IDL platform in the windows environment to visualize the orientation of major fiber tracts of brain such as main association, projection, commissural fibers and corticospinal tracts. We additionally implemented a color coding scheme for each directional component and FA (fractional anisotropy), and used various color tables for them to be visualized more definitely. Consequently we implemented a fancy and basic technique to visualize the directional information of fiber tracts efficiently and we confirmed the feasibility of the 24 bit color coding scheme in DTI by visualizing main fiber tracts.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2009

Purpose : Craniospinal neurenteric (NE) cysts are rare developmental non-neoplastic cysts of the central nervous system with diverse MR imaging findings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various MR imaging findings of intracranial and intraspinal NE cysts. Materials and Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the MR imaging findings of six NE cysts that were confirmed by pathology. We evaluated anatomic location, signal intensity, size and enhancement pattern of NE cysts. Results : Two intracranial lesions were located extra-axially in the cerebellopontine angle and quadrigeminal cisterns. Three spinal lesions were intraduralextramedullary cysts, located ventral to the spinal cord, but one thoracic lesion was an intramedullary cyst. The signal intensity of the cysts was hyperintense on T1-weighted images as compared with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for two intracranial lesions and one cervical lesion. In addition, all intracranial lesions showed diffusion restriction. For the remaining three spinal lesions, the signal intensity was nearly the same as the signal intensity of the CSF as seen on both T1- and T2-weighted images. On contrast-enhanced studies, two intracranial cysts showed a small nodular enhancement and one thoracic spinal lesion showed rim enhancement. Conclusion : NE cysts have various locations, signal intensities, and possible focal nodular or rim enhancement. Therefore, NE cysts can be included in the differential diagnosis of various craniospinal cystic or tumorous cystic lesions.