• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.481-488
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• 1994

In this paper a study of neuro-pathway estimation based on visual and somatosensory evoked potential is given. The evoked potentials which are caused by visual and somatosensory stimulation are detected by an average method. The forward problem that is estimating a scalp potential from a given electrical source in the brain is solved by using a triple concentric spherical shell model of the head and a single current dipole model of the neuron activity. The inverse problem which calculates a source position is solved by a least square fit between the model predicted potential and a given evoked potential measurement. The similarities between estimated sensory neuro-pathways and physiological brain function regions are verified.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.291-292
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• 1998

The purpose of the study was aimed to evaluate the BOLD contrast fMRI in occipital lobe and compare this imaging with metabolite changes based on $^1H$ MRS and MRSI before and after visual stimulation. As a result, the activation map were sucessfully produced by thresholding with minimum cross-correlate value of 0.45. In MRS, NAA/Cr ratio is almost same. however, latate was elevated almost 9 times higher than before activation. Lactate metabolic images were consistent with the BOLD effect map. The BOLD contrast fMRI is not enough to detect the activation area in human brain. so, the other modality was required such as lactate metabolic map.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect and $\beta-endorphin$ level as conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) application on acupuncture paints. Twelve healthy adult male volunteers were participated in this study. The subjects were assigned to TENS group (n=6) and naloxone group (n=6). The LI 3 and M 10 meridian points of dominant arm were stimulated comfortably with 100 pps, $75{\mu}s$ conventional TENS for 30 minutes. Experimental pain threshold measurement and plasma $\beta-endorphin$ level were detected before and after conventional TENS application. Experimental pain threshold increased significantly (p<.01) but plasma $\beta-endorphin$ level was not change in TENS group. Experimental pain threshold increased significantly (p<.01) but plasma $\beta-endorphin$ level was not change in naloxone group. In this study, the conventional TENS induced analgesic effect, and plama $\beta-endorphin$ level was not increase concomitantly with analgesia. These results suggest that the $\beta-endorphin$ did not involved in conventional TENS analgesia.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES), applied over the antagonist or the agonist, would alter the H reflex. Attention was focused on the roles of stimulus location. We used normal eight subjects without neuromuscular disease which were divided into 3 groups; the subjects were diveded into group of antagonist, agonist, antagonist-agonist. All groups were meted of eight subjects. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation was administered for 15 minutes. All subjects were subjected to three tests, including a pre-test, post-test and post-20 minute test. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test. The results were as follows; 1. H latencies were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 2. H/M intervals were significantly increased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 3. H amplitudes were significantly increased in agonist (p<.001) and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). 4. H/M ratios were significantly decreased in agonist and antagonist-agonist group (p<.01). In agonist group. H-reflex amplitudes and H/M ratios were more significantly decreased than antagonist group. Future studies will need to determine what influence NMES may have on the excitability of spinal motor neurons in people having UMN syndrome.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2000

본 연구는 Graphic simulator에서 자동차 속도 변화에 따른 운전자의 감성변화를 주관적 평가와 자율신경계의 반응을 통해 알아보고자 한다. 속도 변화는 정차(0km/h), 40km/h, 100km/h, 160km/h로 제시하였고, 건강한 10명의 피험자를 대상으로 심박변화율, 피부저항, 피부온도, 맥파 등의 생리신호를 측정하였다. 본 연구 목적에 적절한 속도 관련 어휘를 추출하여 각 속도에서의 주관적 감성 변화를 평가하였다. 또한, 각 속도 실험 전 후에 Simulator Sickness를 측정하여 Simulator Sickness가 실험 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 속도가 증가함에 따라 긴장도와 쾌도가 증가한다는 주관적 평가 결과를 얻었다. 실험 전에 비해 실험 후의 Simulator Sickness 값은 증가하였지만 실험 전, 후의 통계적 차이는 관찰할 수 없었다. 속도 증가에 따라, 평균 R-R간격, 피부온도의 진폭은 감소하였고, 피부저항은 증가하였고, 맥파의 평균 진폭은 감소하였다. 그러므로 본 연구를 통해 Simulator Sickness의 큰 영향 없이 Graphic Simulator에서 속도의 증가에 따라 교감신경계가 활성화됨을 관찰할 수 있었고, 이는 실제 동적 환경에서 속도 변화에 따른 자율신경계의 반응 및 주관적 평가 결과와 일치하는 것이다. 향후 복합 감각 자극이 가능한 시뮬레이터가 구축이 될 것이고, 이를 통해 보다 현실감 있는 동적 환경 제시와 감성 측정이 가능할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2007

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome(LGS) is a severe age-specific epilepsy syndrome that causes medication-resistant seizures in childhood. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been proposed as a possible way to improve the treatment of refractory epilepsy. We treated 9 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome between the ages of 2 and 11 years (mean 5.8 years), by using the vagus nerve stimulation. The mean follow-up duration was 35 months. The mean reduction of seizure frequency compared with baseline before VNS was 52% after 6 months (range, 0% to 89%; P<0.011), and 58% after 1 year (range 0% to 89%; P<0.012). Seven patients showed improvements of quality of life (QOL) such as alertness, mood, and language skills. The most common side effects were transient hoarseness (6 patients) and drooling (1 patient). Our results suggest that the vagus nerve stimulation could be an effective and safe adjunct therapy for the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.97-106
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) in the patients of dysmenorrhea. A total of thirty subjects were assigned randomly to one of the two experimental groups or to a control group : 1) an Experimental group I received high-frequency TENS(100pps with a 100-microsecond pluse width), 2) an Experimental group II received low-frequency TENS(2pps with a 100-microsecond pulse width), 3) a Control group received medication(Acetaminophen 600mg). All subjects completed visual analogue scale(VAS) pre-treatment; after post-treatment; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours post-treatment; and the next morning. The results of study were as follows; 1. The mean pain scores decreased in thru groups. 2. The experimental group II and the control group exhibited a significant decrease in pain post - treatment. 3. The experimental group I had the pain relief obtained after three hours post - treatment. The experimental group II had the pain relief obtained immediately after the post - treatment Control group had the pain relief obtained immediately after the post - treatment, but increased pain after four hours of post-treatment. Finally. this result suggests that TENS can reduce significantly the pain of dysmenorrhea. Besides. low-frequency TENS provided a good result to the excellent subjective pain relief in the subject, compared with high-frequency TENS and medication.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES) on the spasticity of elbow flexor. Ten spastic hemiplegia who have been at EUL-JI medical college hospital in Taejon with age range of 35 to 70 years$(56.8\pm9.5)$, were participated in this study. The subjects (5male, 5female) took neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy on the triceps of the affected elbow. To compare the effect of the treatment, the grade of spasticity of affected elbow flexor was measured at pre-treatment and the end of each weeks using modified Ashworth scale. Then, the range of extension of the affected elbow was measured at pre-treatmen and the end of each weeks using full circle goniometer. The data were analyzed with ANOVA to determine significant differences with the passage of time. The results were as follows: 1. ANOVA test showed significant differences in reducing spasticity of NMES group with the passage of time (p<.01). 2. ANOVA test showed significant differences in increasing range of motion with the passage of time of NMES group(p<.01). The neuromuscular electrical stimulation is a effective method to reduce the spasticity of elbow flexor.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influnce of afferent stimuli, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and ultra sound, on the electrdiagnostic study of normal subjects. Electrodiagnostic study was performed before and after the application of afferent stimulation of the right popliteal fossa on 18 healthy female volunteers. After the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. After the ultra sound, there is no significantly change of latencies and amplitudes of SEP, H-reflex, peroneal nerve F-wave, and sensory nerve conduction. Tibial nope F-wave and motor nerve shows prolonged latency after TENS and US (p<0.01). Ultrasound may have a similar mechanism of action compared to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation by having localized inhibitory effects of the peripheral nerve. However, further investigation is needed to assess their mechanism of action and the precise relevance of stimulation modality.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.657-665
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• 1999

The effects of application of mustard oil (MO), a small-fiber excitant and inflammatory irritant into the rat maxillary molar tooth pulp on arterial blood pressure and heat race, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the jaw muscles were assessed in the anesthetized rats. In addition, Evans blue extravasation following pulpal MO application was measured. Application of MO into the tooth pulp produced a significant increase in mean arterial pressure and heat rate which gradually returned to baseline level. Application of MO into the tooth pulp induced a significant and short-lasting increase in EMG activity of digastric masseter and tongue muscle. Application of MO into the tooth pulp significantly increased the plasma extravasation of Evans blue dye. However, Application of mineral oil into the tooth pulp did not produce any significant changes in EMG activity of the digastric, masseter and tongue muscles, mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and plasma extravasation of Evans blue dye. These findings indicate that changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, jaw muscle activity and plasma extravasation accompanying noxious tooth pulp stimulation call be utilized as indirect measure of orofacial pain and inflammation.