• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.184-193
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• 2007

Objectives:There is increasing evidence that the cerebellum plays an important role in cognition and psychiatric symptoms as well as motor coordination. The concept of cognitive dysmetria has been making cerebellar function in schizophrenia the focus of current studies. In other words, disruption in the corticocerebellum-thalamic -cortical circuit could lead to disordered cognition and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. The purposes of this study were to determine cerebellar dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients semiquantitatively with ICARS and to investigate the clinical and cognitive correlates of ICARS in patients. Methods:We compared the scores of cerebellar neurologic sign using ICARS in 47 male patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia with 30 gender and age-matched healthy control subjects. The semiquantitative 100-point ICARS consists of 19 items divided into 4 unequally weighted subscores:posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, speech disorders and oculomotor disorders. All subjects were also assessed with cognitive function test. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Verbal fluency test, and Clock drawing test. The patients were administered Korea version of Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(K-PANSS) to assess the symptom severity. Results:Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher scores on the ICARS than control subjects with posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, and oculomotor disorders. They also showed more significant impairments in cognitive function tests than control subjects. There was a significant correlation between ICARS and negative symptoms of patients. In cognitive function test, Clock drawing test was significantly associated with negative symptoms. In addition, Clock drawing test was negatively correlated with the total score of ICARS. Conclusion:In this study, we confirmed that schizophrenic patients have significant impairments in cognitive and cerebellar function, and that those were related with negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients. These results support a role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. It is meaningful that we used a structured, and reliable procedure for rating neurological soft signs, ICARS. We hope that future prospective studies using a similar design help that rate of neurological sign should have been visible with the progression of illness.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify Effects of the ROM dance on cognitive function, neuropsychiatric in using wheelchair senior in nursing home. Methods : The subjects of the experimental group were 15 seniors using wheelchair who attended an ROM dance program in a nursing home. It was carried out for 18 weeks from Mar. 2010. to August. 2010. The evaluation tools used for the presented study were the Mini-Mental Status Exam-Korean(MMSE-K) and Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionaire (NPI-Q). Results : In the terms of cognitive function there was no significant defference between the mean pre/post test. but the factor(orientation of time) of MMSE-K and the factors 2 (sleep/nighttime behavios, apathy/indefference) of NPI-Q was significant improvement. Conclusion : In this study, the ROM dance program was effective in improving cognitive function and neuropsychiatric in seniors using wheelchair. also ROM dance program was decreasing and regression delay effect in cognitive and neuropsychiatric.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

Objectives: Depression, sleep complaints and cognitive impairments are commonly observed in the elderly. Elderly subjects with depressive symptoms have been found to show both poor cognitive performances and sleep disturbances. However, the relationship between sleep complaints and cognitive dysfunction in elderly depression is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the association between sleep disturbances and cognitive decline in late-life depression. Methods: A total of 282 elderly people who underwent nocturnal polysomnography in a sleep laboratory were enrolled in the study. The Korean version of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery developed by the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-K) was applied to evaluate cognitive function. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the geriatric depression scale (GDS) and subjective sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI). Results: The control group ($GDS{\leq}9$) when compared with mild ($10{\leq}GDS{\leq}16$) and severe ($17{\leq}GDS$) depression groups, had significantly different scores in the Trail making test part B (TMT-B), Benton visual retention test part A (BVRT-A), and Stroop color and word test (SCWT)(all tests p<0.05). The PSQI score, REM sleep duration, apnea-hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index were significantly different across the three groups (all indices, p<0.05). A stepwise multiple regression model showed that educational level, age and GDS score were predictive for both TMT-B time (adjusted $R^2$=35.6%, p<0.001) and BVRT-A score (adjusted $R^2$=28.3%, p<0.001). SCWT score was predicted by educational level, age, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and GDS score (adjusted $R^2$=20.6%, p<0.001). Poor sleep quality and sleep structure alterations observed in depression did not have any significant effects on cognitive deterioration. Conclusion: Older adults with depressive symptoms showed mild sleep alterations and poor cognitive performances. However, we found no association between sleep disturbances (except sleep apnea) and cognitive difficulties in elderly subjects with depressive symptoms. It is possible that the impact of sleep disruptions on cognitive abilities was hindered by the confounding effect of age, education and depressive symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2005

First, the author reviewed the relationship between human brain development and cognitive functions such as attention, perception, memory, and language. And then Luria's neurodevelopmental theory and its application on the Neuropsychological test battery for children were reviewed. Finally, various assessment tools to evaluate attention, intellectual function, visual-perception, visual-motor coordination, and executive function were examined.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.507-512
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• 2008

This study investigated the navigation ability of patients with MCI in Virtual Environments(VE) and on the visual functioning. The participants consisted of elderly adults with/without MCI. Neuropsychological tests(RCFT, BVRT, TMT, and Digit Span), the Groton Maze Learning Test(12trials), and the VE navigation learning task(6 trials) were performed. As a result, there were significant group differences for the RCFT and BVRT, but not for the GMLT. For the VE task, there was a significant difference between the MCI and normal group and no interactions between the groups and trials were found. The VE task was correlated with The RCFT, the BVRT, and the GMLT and omnibus the RCFT and the BVRT accounted for 45% of VE performances. Thus, we concluded that patients with MCI are inferior to VE navigation and visual retention/memory play a role in navigation abilities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.250-259
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• 2020

Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for dementia and cognitive impairment. Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most prevalent microvascular complication in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation between diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy and cognitive factors in T2DM patients. Retrospective chart review of type 2 diabetic patients with results of a nerve conduction study (NCS) and a neurocognitive study. A total of 19 patients were included. DPN was defined using data from a nerve conduction study: a score of less than 24 in the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) was considered as an indicator of cognitive impairment (CI). The mean age of the 19 patients was 71.6±5.0 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.4±9.1 years, and the mean HbA1c level was 8.1±1.8%. DPN was present in 7 of the 19 patients. Based on the K-MMSE score, CI was diagnosed in eight patients. The mean K-MMSE scores and the prevalence of CI was not different between the groups with and without DPN. There was no significant difference in DPN prevalence between the groups with and without CI. Education was significantly correlated with cognitive factors. Only the digit span-forward among the cognitive factors showed a significant negative correlation with nerve conduction velocity. In conclusion, the longer education period was associated with higher cognitive function and no significant correlation was observed between diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cognitive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients. Further prospective research is needed in the future.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of the computerized general neurocognitive test using intuitive evaluation techniques to reflect the needs of the elderly and to validate neurocognitive function appropriately. The subjects were 100 elderly people who were over 60 healthy people. To evaluate the comprehensive neurocognitive function of the elderly, Computerized Neuro-cognitive Function Test (CNT, cybermedic. Co., Korea) developed by CyberMedic was used. The test consist of attention test, memory test and the problem solving ability test. As a result of correlation analysis of CNT test items, it was possible to confirm the characteristics of measuring single domain of attention and memory test. The problem-solving ability test also showed a high level of significant correlation, although the purpose of measurement was different, but a comprehensive cognitive function test for problem solving was possible. In the reliability analysis, the half reliability and internal consistency of test - retest were significantly higher. As a result of the above study, we conclude that the comprehensive neurocognitive test items constituted in this study have achieved reproducibility and effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 1994

It is not known whether negative symptoms and cognitive functions are dissociable or improvements in symptoms are reflected in improvements in cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenic patients. We administered clozapine to evaluate its effect on cognitive functions in chronic schizophrenic patients and to show correlations between improvement in psychotic symptoms and in cognitive functions. Neuropsychological tests such as Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span test and Judgment of Line Orientation Test were applied to 16 chronic schizophrenic patients at baseline and after 9 months of treatment with clozapine. Using BPRS we assessed psychopathology before initiation of clozapine and at 9 months. Clozapine improved both positive and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients significantly. After nine months of clozapine treatment, significant improvements occurred in attention, short-term memory and visual perception ability. And interestingly we noted the trend of improvement in executive functions even though they were not statistical significant. Any significant correlations between the clinical improvement and change in congnitive functions were not observed. Long-term treatment with clozapine improved parts of cognitive functions of chronic schizophrenics. The results of the study suggest that deficits in simple cognitive functions as well as psychotic symptoms are improved after 3 month period of short-term treatment, but executive functions requiring more sophisticated processing of information could be improved after more than 9 months of long-term treatment.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 1995.11a
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• pp.165-180
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• 1995

복잡한 음성장애를 이해하기 위해서는 음성관에 대한 여러 단계에서의 정량적인 검사가 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위하여 여러 가지 검사 법이 이용되고 있는데 예를 들면 음성의 인지적 검사(perceptual intelligibility), 음향음성학적검사(acoustic analysis), 공기역동학적 검사(aerodynamic study), 후두구조물의 운동 관찰, 그리고 근과 신경의 기능 검사(electromyographic study)등이 있다. 이중 인지적 검사는 청취자 동의 문제와 검사 법에 대하여 문제점이 제기 되기도 하며 발화 중 후두기능의 병태생리에 관한 추론적인 정보만을 제공한다는 문제점이 있다. 음향음성 검사는 이미 잘 알려진 상태로서 많은 parameter들이 측정되어온 것이 사실이나 그 유용성에 대해서도 아직 논란이 있으며 단지 성대의 진동에 의해 나타나는 현상만을 이용한 검사로서 일종의 정지성 연구에 불과한 것이 사실이다. (중략)

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2012

Objective : This study was to evaluate the effects of a Neurofeedback(NFB) and Computer Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation(CACR) training to improve on cognition and affected arm function in stroke subjects. Methods : Participants were randomly allocated to three groups: NFB(n=14), CACR(n=14) and control(n=16). All groups received occupational therapy and physical therapy for 5 session 30 minutes per week during 6 weeks. Also NFB and CACR group practiced additional NeuroComp training and RehaCom training for 30 sessions 30 minutes during 6 weeks. Results were evaluated by cognition, affected arm function. Results : There were significantly increased by CACR training that outcomes of MMSE-K(p<.05). And there weren't significantly difference by NFB and CACR training that outcomes of the affected arm function. And a difference between three groups wasn't found. Conclusion : The NFB and CACR training improves cognitive function. These results suggest that NFB and CACR training is feasible and suitable for individuals with stroke.