• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.429-435
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• 2023

Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal infection, maternal stress, and environmental risk factors during pregnancy increase the risk of brain development abnormalities associated with cognitive impairment in the offspring and increase susceptibility to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Several animal models have demonstrated that maternal immune activation (MIA) is sufficient to induce abnormal brain development and behavioral defects in the fetus. When polyinosine:polycytodylic acid (poly I:C) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is commonly used in maternal immune activation animal models, was introduced into a pregnant dam, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activity was observed in the offspring's brain. Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that play a mediating role in the central nervous system, and they are responsible for various functions, such as phagocytosis, synapse formation and branching, and angiogenesis. Several studies have reported that microglia are activated in MIA offspring and influence offspring behavior through interactions with various cytokines. In addition, it has been reported that they play an important role in brain circuits through interactions with neurons and astrocytes. However, there is controversy concerning whether microglia are essential to brain development or lead to behavioral defects, and the exact mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, for the potential diagnosis and treatment of brain developmental disorders, a functional study of microglia should be conducted using MIA animal models.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.184-193
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• 2007

Objectives:There is increasing evidence that the cerebellum plays an important role in cognition and psychiatric symptoms as well as motor coordination. The concept of cognitive dysmetria has been making cerebellar function in schizophrenia the focus of current studies. In other words, disruption in the corticocerebellum-thalamic -cortical circuit could lead to disordered cognition and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia. The purposes of this study were to determine cerebellar dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients semiquantitatively with ICARS and to investigate the clinical and cognitive correlates of ICARS in patients. Methods:We compared the scores of cerebellar neurologic sign using ICARS in 47 male patients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia with 30 gender and age-matched healthy control subjects. The semiquantitative 100-point ICARS consists of 19 items divided into 4 unequally weighted subscores:posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, speech disorders and oculomotor disorders. All subjects were also assessed with cognitive function test. Cognitive functions were evaluated by Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE), Verbal fluency test, and Clock drawing test. The patients were administered Korea version of Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(K-PANSS) to assess the symptom severity. Results:Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher scores on the ICARS than control subjects with posture and gait disturbances, kinetic functions, and oculomotor disorders. They also showed more significant impairments in cognitive function tests than control subjects. There was a significant correlation between ICARS and negative symptoms of patients. In cognitive function test, Clock drawing test was significantly associated with negative symptoms. In addition, Clock drawing test was negatively correlated with the total score of ICARS. Conclusion:In this study, we confirmed that schizophrenic patients have significant impairments in cognitive and cerebellar function, and that those were related with negative symptoms of schizophrenic patients. These results support a role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. It is meaningful that we used a structured, and reliable procedure for rating neurological soft signs, ICARS. We hope that future prospective studies using a similar design help that rate of neurological sign should have been visible with the progression of illness.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-398
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• 2006

Humans learn by observing, hearing, imitating, doing, and feeling. The brain(cortex) is the central tore of this process. The recent rapid progress of brain science and the active interdisciplinary collaboration between brain science and cognitive science opens a new possibility. That is a new research Held called 'Brain-Based learning Science', 'Edutational Neuroscienre', or 'NeuroEduration' This study reviews the nature and basic assumptions of brain-based learning science, current directions in educational neuroscience research, the neuro-myths, educational implications of neuroscience, and a possibility of making a meaningful connection between brain science and education. Also the future prospects and limitations of the brain-based learning science are discussed.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2008

Duplication of chromosome 12p has been rarely reported and are thought to be associated with congenital malformations and impaired development. We report a baby boy born with multiple dysmorphic features and congenital malformations. His karyotype was 46,XY, add(12)(p13.3). He has suffered from intrauterine growth restriction at birth. He showed abnormal cranio-facial findings such as microcephaly, hypognathia, clepft palate and low set ear. He presented with absence of uvula, micropenis and rocker bottom features of both feet, congenital heart disease, poor corticomedullary differentiation of kidney, and sensorineuronal hearing loss. We have been follow up him for seizure disorder and delayed development at out patient department.

• 재활복지
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.225-256
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• 2010

This study aims to provide the basic data of the rehabilitation program for the schoolchild with intellectual disability by designing new framework of the features of postural control for the schoolchild with intellectual disability. For this, the study investigated what sensations the schoolchild are using to maintain posture by selectively or synthetically applying vision, vestibular sensation and somato-sensation, and how the coordinative sensory system of the schoolchild is responding to any sway referenced sensory stimulus. The study intended to prove the limitation of motor system in estimating the postural stability by providing the cognitive motor task, and provided the features of postural control of the schoolchild with intellectual disability by measuring the onset times and orders of muscle contraction of neuron-muscle when there is a postural control taking place due to the exterior disturbance. Furthermore, by comparatively analyzing the difference between the normal schoolchild and the intellectually disabled schoolchild, this study provided an optimal direction for treatment planning when the rehabilitation program is applied in the postural control ability training program for the schoolchild with intellectual disability. Taking gender and age into consideration, 52 schoolchild including 26 normal schoolchild and 26 intellectually disabled schoolchild were selected. To measure the features of postural control, CTSIB test, and postural control strategy test were conducted. The result of experiment is as followed. First, the schoolchild with intellectual disability showed different feature in using sensory system to control posture. The normal schoolchild tended to depend on somato-sensory or vision, and showed a stable postural control toward a sway referenced stimulus on somato-sensory system. The schoolchild with intellectual disability tended to use somato-sensory or vision, and showed a very instable postural control toward a sway referenced vision or a sway referenced stimulus on somato-sensory system. In sensory analysis, the schoolchild with intellectual disability showed lower level of proficiency in somato-sensation percentile, vision percentile and vestibular sensation percentile compare to the normal schoolchild. Second, as for the onset times and orders of muscle contraction for strategies of postural control when there is an exterior physical stimulus, the schoolchild with intellectual disability showed a relatively delayed onset time of muscle control, and it was specially greater when the perturbation is from backward. As for the onset orders of muscle contraction, it started from muscles near coax then moved to the muscles near ankle joint, and the numbers and kinds of muscles involved were greater than the normal schoolchild. The normal schoolchild showed a fast muscle contracting reaction from every direction after the perturbation stimulus, and the contraction started from the muscles near the ankle joint and expanded to the muscles near coax. From the results of the experiments, the special feature of the postural control of the schoolchild with intellectual disability is that they have a higher dependence on vision in sensory system, and there was no appropriate integration of swayed sensation observed in upper level of central nerve system. In the motor system, the onset time of muscle contraction for postural control was delayed, and it proceeded in reversed order of the normal schoolchild. Therefore, when use the clinical physical therapy to improve the postural control ability, various sensations should be provided and should train the schoolchild to efficiently use the provided sensations and use the sensory experience recorded in upper level of central nerve system to improve postural control ability. At the same time, a treatment program that can improve the processing ability of central nerve system through meaningful activities with organizing and planning adapting reaction should be provided. Also, a proprioceptive motor control training program that can induce faster muscle contraction reaction and more efficient onset orders from muscularskeletal system is need to be provided as well.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2017

Preschool children to do production and acquisition of phonological system from birth to 8 years of age. If a child has hearing loss, he/she has a lot of difficulties to hear sound. The problem of auditory perception can causes limited speech acquisition, delayed language development, and communication disorders. It also affects learning, social and emotional development. Early detection and diagnosis of hearing loss are important for intervention. However, it may be difficult to detect if the degree of hearing loss are slight and/or it appears only on some frequencies. In cases of these kinds of hearing losses, it is often difficult to provide aural intervention. The goal of this study is to discuss the interpretation of audiological evaluation in case of mild-to-moderately severe asymmetric ski-slop sensorineural hearing loss, analyze communication problems, and concerning about audiological, and speech-language pathological rehabilitation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of applying occupational therapy that uses motion recognition on the physical self-efficacy, visual-motor integration ability, and play skills of children who have neurodevelopmental disorder before and after treatment. Methods : This The study chose 16 children with neurodevelopmental disorder as research subjects who were randomly and evenly allocated into an experimental group and a control group. The experiment followed a pretest-posttest design. As an intervention, the experimental group received motion recognition-based occupational therapy and a separate sensory integration program. The control group only participated in the separate sensory integration program. The eight-week experiment duration included 24 intervention sessions where the a 50-minute session was implemented three times a week for eight weeks. To compare the physical self-efficacy, visual-motor integration ability, and play skills before and after the intervention, measurement tools including the Physical self efficacy, Beery VMI-6, and Penn interactive peer play scale were used. All measured variables were analyzed and expressed as mean, standard deviation and percentage. Results : The motion recognition-based occupational therapy demonstrated a significant effect on improving the physical self-efficacy, visual-motor integration ability, and play skills of the experimental group. The intervention also caused a significant difference between the experimental group and control group in terms of the physical self-efficacy, visual-motor integration ability, and play skills. Conclusion : We confirmed the possibility motion recognition-based occupational therapy could be effective in improving the physical self-efficacy, visual-motor integration ability, and play skills for patients who have neurodevelopmental disorder. Based on the study result, further future studies are expected based on this study result that prove the application effect of the motion recognition-based occupational therapy using disabled and non- disabled children as subjects are expected in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.157-173
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• 2003

The history of pediatric psychopharmacology is very short and the research on safety, efficacy and side effects is preliminary and long-term effect on growth and maturation is not well known yet. Clinical findings have shown that the responses to antidepressants, antipsychotics, CNS stimulants and steroids in children and adolescents might be different from adult populations. Based on these findings, this paper reviewed three issues, Firstly, in developmental pharmacokinetics. the author discussed the developmental factors affecting drug absorption, distribution, protein-binding, metabolism and excretion. Secondly, in developmental pharmacodynamics, developmental characteristics of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine receptors and their clinical implications were reviewed. Lastly, in pharamcogenetic part, the clinical utility of pharmacogenetics, pharmacokinetic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the pharmacodynamic aspects of pharmacogenetics, the association studies of dopamine-related alleles in neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders or Tourette’s disorders, pharmacogenetic studies dopamine-related alleles and the pharmacogenetic studies of serotonin-related alleles. Based on these preliminary research, future pharmacogenetic applications in childhood and adolescent psychiatry were also discussed.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.40.1-40
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• 1981

The cholesteatoma is usually associated with chronic purulent otitis media and destroys the surrounding structures and may cause dangerous complications. The cholesteatoma with a positive fistula sign may be observed occasionally, if a softened area is formed in the bony capsule over a semicircular canal which exposed the membranous structure of the canal. Recently, the authors have experienced a case of cholesteatoma combined with labyrin thine fistula in a 22-year old male patient. We present this case with a brief review of the literatures.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.597-604
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• 2018

Although the core mechanisms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are unknown, several ADHD-associated proteins have been studied. G-protein - coupled receptor kinase interacting protein-1 (GIT1) is a multifunctional adapter protein that affects neuron growth and dendrite formation. GIT1-deficient mice have shown ADHD-like behavior and also recovered through amphetamine treatment. In this study, gliotransmitters were investigated in both intracellular and extracellular space from GIT1-deficient mice. To measure the amount of gliotransmitters, primary astrocyte cultures were taken from the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of wild (WT), hetero (HE), and knock-out (KO) mice. Major gliotransmitters were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was observed that the amount of excitatory and inhibitory gliotransmitters were dependent on genotype and showed a change in excitation/inhibition ratios. Interestingly, the major excitatory gliotransmitter, glutamate, existed at the lowest level in WT mice, but the amount of inhibitory gliotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, varied depending on brain region. Remarkably, an increased amount of GABA was measured at the intracellular cerebrum in WT mice compared with KO mice. It was presumed that KO mice would secrete more inhibitory gliotransmitters to compensate for GIT1 depletion or else acquire a defect to reuptake-secreted GABA. This may be a possible mechanism for ADHD pathology.