• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 2015

Mood disorder is a common psychiatric illness with a high lifetime prevalence in the general population. A serious problem such as suicide is commonly occurring in the patients with depression. Till now, the monoamine hypothesis has been the most popular theory of pathogenesis for depression. However, the more specific pathophysiology of depression and cellular molecular mechanism underlying action of commercial antidepressants have not been clearly defined. Several recent studies demonstrated that glial cells, especially astrocytes, are a promising answer to the pathophysiology of depression. In this article, current understanding of biology and molecular mechanisms of glial cells in the pathology of mood disorder and new research on the pathophysiology of depression will be discussed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.435-438
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• 2014

An 11-year-old, 2.67 kg female Maltese dog with 3 weeks history of palpable cervical mass near trachea was submitted to a local animal hospital. Radiography and ultrasonography showed radiopaque mass adjacent trachea and vagus nerve. Surgically excised mass was solitary and approximately $3.5{\times}2{\times}0.8cm$ in size. Histopathologically, there were large neoplastic foci admixed with normal thyroid tissues. These neoplastic foci were composed of small to large packets of the neoplastic cells with plasmacytic morphology, and these packets were divided by fine fibrovascular septa. Immunohistochemically, most neoplastic cells in the thyroid mass showed positive reactions for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), chromogranin A, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and the negative reaction for vimentin. Based on the gross, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics, this dog was diagnosed as medullary thyroid carcinoma.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.19-39
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• 2008

Objectives : It has been reported that CG was effective in decreasing injury to neural tissues. To investigate neural responses in the injured spinal cord, an extract of CG was examined to determine its effect on neural responses in the injured spinal cords of rats. Methods : After CG treatment was applied to the spinal cord of rats given a contusion injury, the re-growth responses of injured neural tissues and corticospinal tract axons was observed by measuring the number of GAP-43, Cdc2, and phospho-Erk1/2 proteins, CST axons, GFAP-stained astrocytes, and Glial scarring in the injured spinal cord. Results : Levels of GAP-43, Cdc2, and phospho-Erk1/2 proteins were found to have increased in the injured spinal cord region. The number of GFAP-stained astrocytes also increased within and around the injury cavity. Glial scarring, which was identified by CSPG immunofluorescence staining, was reduced by CG treatment. Anterograde tracing by Dil dye showed that the elongation of the CST axons in the dorso-medial white matter area was almost completely prevented at the injury site. Collateral sprouting was observed in the spinal cord rostrally close to the injury site, and CG treatment further increased axonal arborization in the corresponding region. In vivo migration of CST axons and astrocytes using an implanted polymer tube system showed more of an increase in enhanced migration of axons and astrocytes in CG-treated group compared to the injury control group. Conclusions : These results suggest that CG activated neural responses - including astrocyte migration - and promotes axonal regenerative activity in the injured spinal cord area.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.465-477
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• 2000

Purpose: Thallim-201 ($^{201}Tl$) brain SPECT and proton ($^1H$) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have been used to evaluate tumor grade and viability of glioma. We assessed the correlations between $^{201}Tl$ brain index or spectrum of metabolites of $^1H$ MRS and grade of glioma or histopathologic findings. Materials and Methods: We studied 17 patients (4 astrocytoma, 7 anaplastic astrocytoma and 6 glioblastoma). On $^{201}Tl$ Brain SPECT, $^{201}Tl$ index was measured as the ratio of average counts for region of interest to those for the contralateral normal brain. On $^1H$ MRS, we calculated choline (Cho) /creatine (Cr) ratio and N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/Cr ratio in ROI defined as tumor center. Histopathologic findings were graded by Ki-67 index, cellularity, mitosis, pleomorphism, necrosis and endothelial proliferation. An unpaired t test and statistical correlations were performed to evaluate these data. Results: Tl-index showed the best correlation with Ki-67 index (p<0.01), less correlations with cellularity, mitosis, and endothelial proliferation, but no correlation with results of MRS, pleomorphism, or necrosis. The findings of MRS did not correlate with all of the above. The cases of glioblastoma demonstrated a higher Tl-index, Cho/cr ratio, Ki-67 index and lower NAA/Cr ratio, albeit without statistical significance. Conclusion: Even though $^{201}Tl$ brain SPECT did not correlate directly with grade of malignancy, it may still be useful in determining biological aggressiveness of tumor and prognosis of patients because it correlated well with Ki-67 index, a growth fraction of glioma, cellularity, mitosis and endothelial proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.481-487
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• 1992

The present study was designed to investigate the appearance of the congenital aggregates of the ectodermal glial cells in the brain of the normal rodents. The brain samples were taken from mice fetus, juvenile mice, rats and rabbits. The appearance regions of the glial cell aggregates (GCA) were investigated and the cells in the GCA were identified with electron microscope. 1. GCA in the mouse fetus tended to be higher in cell density, larger in size and lower frequency in appearance than juvenile mouse. The regions of higher appearance frequency of GCA in the juveniles of mice, rats and rabbits were ordered as subependymal layer in the collateral trigone of lateral ventricles, molecular layer of the neocortex, inner layer except the molecular layer in the neocortex, cerebral medulla, corpus callosum and hippocampus. Appearance frequency of GCA in the neonatal mice tended to be higher until 5 day after birth, and were markedly decreased on 10 and 15 day after birth. 2. GCA tended to be closed on one side of the blood vessels or neurons but not perivascular or perineuronal appearance. 3. In electron microscophy, GCA were composed of immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the subependymal, and tended to be more mature and loose in the neocortex and to be appended some microglia cells with age. The cells in the GCA of older mice tended to be more mature than in young mice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.2 s.69
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• pp.169-175
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• 2005

Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in grape skins, peanuts, and red wine, has been reported to have a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. $Amyloid-\beta$ deposition and senile plaque-associated astrocytes are common neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we have explored the effects of resveratrol on $amyloid-\beta-peptide-mediated$ cytotoxicity in vitro and modulation of cell growth-regulatory gene products in astroglioma C6 cells to elucidate its possible mechanism for anti-cytotoxicity. Exposure of C6 cells to $Amyloid-\beta$ resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition and morphological changes of C6 cells, which were recovered by pre-treatment with resveratrol. The anti-proliferative effect of $amyloid-\beta$ was associated with the induction of tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21 (WAF1/CIP1) expression assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in time-dependent manner in C6 cells. In addition, the pro-apoptotic Bax expression was also up-regulated in $amyloid-\beta-treated$ C6 cells without alteration of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and $Bcl-X_L$ expression. However, pre-treatment of resveratrol significantly inhibited $amyloid-\beta-induced$ p53, p21 and Bax levels, suggesting that the modulation of p53, p21 and Bax levels could be one of the possible pathways by which resveratrol functions as anti-cytotoxic agent. Our results demonstrate that resveratrol may enhance the protection against $amyloid-\beta-induced$ cytotoxicity by promoting the survival of glial cells.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1992

Solvent and TLC-fractionations of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza have yielded the results as follows ; Solvent fractions Petr. ether Ether Ethy1 acetate Water Control 100uL 0 0.2 35.1 41.9 43.0 50ul 0.7 3.7 37.2 42.0 TLC-fractionation and the Cytotoxic activity Fractions I II III IV V VI Petr. ehter Control 100uL13.0 7.1 16.8 1.2 30.9 23.2 0.5 48.3 50uL 37.1 26.1 30.0 20.1 45.7 27.2 29.7 Among the solvent fractions the petroleum ehter fraction corresponding to the concentration of 20ug/ml has showed the strongest Cytotoxic activity. (no cell survived) A double dilution of the fraction(10ug/ml) still showed strong activity.(0.2 cells survived) The ether fraction contained strong activity. Of the fraction which have veen obtained by a prcparative silicagel TLC I, II, III & IV were cytotoxic, but V and VI were inactive Howevcr, it is worthwhile to note that no one of these has no strong Cytotoxicity as the pertoleum ether fraction itself. This observation says that the active fractions could be additive or synergic to each other. The most active fraction, IV, was scrached out from the TLC and its UV-spectrum taken. The absorption maxima were 207 and 272 nm, indicating the presence of a flavanone strucuture.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.401-409
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• 2010

This study was designed to investigate the effects of BojungIkkiTang-Gamybang freeze dried powder (BITG) on proliferauion, protective of cell death induced by chemicals such as paraquat, hydrogen peroxide etc and anti-oxidative effects in C6 glioma cells. In our results, BITC accelerated proliferation rates of C6 cells in vitro. In addition, protective effects on cell death induced by paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. And, BITC did not have effects on SOD and total glutathione activities, but decresed malone dialdehyde activity. In conclusion, these results suggest the possibility of BojungIkkiTang-Gamybang to protect brain cell or neuronal cell from damage induced by oxidative stress. And also suggest that related mechanisms are involved in malone dialdehyde activity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1991

The mechanisms of demyelination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced chronic central nervous system(CNS) disease are still unclear and are probably multifactoral. This study was intended to culture spinal cord cells isolated from TMEV-induced demyelinating mice. By Percoll density centrifugation of enzymatically dissociated tissue, the cells were collected and then cultured on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic coverslips for 2 weeks. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and macrophages were identified using cell-type specific markers. Viral antigens were not present in oligodendrocytes and in astrocytes by double immunofluorescence. Affected mouse oligodendrocytes had less capacities of sheet formation and galactocerebroside immunoreactivity than those of control cell 3. These findings support the hypothesis that immune mediated mechanisms play an important role in the process of demyelination in this animal model.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.439-444
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• 2014

A 5-year-old, 2.7 kg female maltese dog was presented a local veterinary clinic with one week history of hindlimb lameness associated with patellar luxation. Reduction of bilateral medial patellar luxation was operated using trochlear resection and lateral reinforcement technique. Three weeks after the surgery, the dog showed bending spine with pain in thoracic and lumbar region, continuous ataxia and intermittent convulsion. Magnetic resonance imaging scanning revealed a hyperintense mass in right frontal lobe of brain and abnormal cavitation from cervical cord to third lumbar cord. Histopathologically, neoplasm in brain composed of meningothelial cells showed loosely reticular or lace-like morphology with numerous extracellular cystic spaces of variable size and shape. Neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and negative for neuron specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Irregular shaped enlarge central canal-like cavity was existed in cervical and lumbar cords. In our best knowledge, this report described the clinical findings, imaging and histopathologic characteristics of unusual intracranial microcystic meningioma with secondary syringomyelia in a dog.