• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2021

전 세계에 유통되고 있는 Cypripedium속 식물 56종 중 한반도에는 4종이 분포하고 있다. 국내의 Cypripedium속 식물 중 멸종위기 1급 식물은 광릉요강꽃과 털복주머니란이 있으며, 복주머니란은 멸종 위기 2급 식물로 분류하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 복주머니란 식물의 육묘기술을 개발하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 처리는 원예용 상토, 마사토 100%, 질석 2 : 펄라이트 1의 비율로 혼합한 인공토양, 산야초 상토, 소립인 난석 등 5처리를 하여 복주머니를 스티로폼 박스(가로 40, 세로 50, 높이 15cm)에 식재하여 4개월 경과 후 조사한 결과 산야초 상토에서 출아율이 67.0%로 가장 많았으며, 질석 2 + 펄라이트 1의 처리구가 53.0%, 소립인 난석 처리구가 48.0%순으로 높았다. 출아율이 가장 좋았던 산야초 상토의 경우 초장은 3.0cm, 엽수는 주당 1.9개, 엽폭은 1.0cm로 다른 처리구보다 생육이 양호하였다. 또한 털복주머니란 실생묘를 노지에서 1년 동안 순화한 묘를 자생지 외 지역의 적응성을 확인하기 위해 경기도 양평에 위치한 국립수목원 내 Cypripedium 전문 전시원에 660주를 봄에 식재하였다. 그해 9월에 생존율 을 조사한 결과 52.5% 이었고, 초장이 5.8cm, 뿌리수는 주 당 3.6개, 뿌리길이는 6.4cm 등 생육도 정상적으로 진행되는 것으로 조사되었다. 이와같은 연구를 바탕으로 멸종위기종인 복주머니란의 적정 환경 조성과 육묘기술 및 현지 적응성을 향상시킨다면 멀지 않은 시기에 복주머니란의 복원 사업은 성공적으로 마무리될 것으로 판단된다..

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2013

A remote controlled sprayer has designed, manufactured and experimented to spray well on pear trees with pesticides. This study was executed to automate pest management of pear trees. Types of spray nozzle, which was used on the system, were analyzed experimentally to find an optimal spray equipment configuration with several nozzles. Attributions of ultrasonic sensors were analyzed to adjust spraying distance of an unmanned sprayer system. This paper investigated shapes of pear trees and cultivating environment of pear orchard. In order to select optimal spray environment, liquid distribution was measured while angle of nozzle was changed. Additionally, liquid distribution by distance and sprayed liquid capacity by side distance were measured. According to information of shapes of pear trees and cultivating environment of pear orchard, sprayer frames of an unmanned sprayer system were manufactured and sprayer frames were suitable for interval of pear trees. The sprayer system could adjust width of sprayer frames to 2.5 m and height of sprayer frames to 1.7 m. Optimal angle of nozzle, and optimal distance between objects and nozzle were $15^{\circ}$ and 0.8 m. When side distance was placed from 1.2 m to 1.8 m, sprayed capacity reached to the highest amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2023

Using the logarithmic methods and the generalized method of moments (GMM), this study developed carbon storage equations for maple trees (Acer palmatum Thunb.) planted in an urban settlement area. A total of 20 maple trees of various ages and diameters were destructively harvested to determine their dry weight and carbon concentration by component. The allometric equations with DBH and DBH²×H as independent variables were developed to estimate the carbon storage for each tree component. The carbon concentration of tree components was the highest in stem wood (49.8%) and lowest in stem bark (46.5%). Allometric equations to estimate the carbon storage of tree components (stem, root, aboveground, and total) showed a similar coefficient of determinations (R²) between the allometric equations of the logarithmic method (0.7494-0.9036) and the GMM (0.7085-0.8847). However, the R² values of the leaves and branches were in the range of 0.3027 to 0.6380, lower than those of the R² of the other tree components. These results indicate that the carbon storage of maple trees growing in urban settlement areas can be efficiently predicted from the equations of GMM methods in the case of a small sample size or the heteroscedasticity of logarithmic equations.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.337-346
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• 2023

Although wildlife bridge are built as a way to reduce habitat fragmentation caused by road construction, there is still a lot of debate about their effectiveness. Monitoring methods such as footprint traps and camera traps are used evaluate the effectiveness of wildlife bridge, but there is a limit to evaluate of effectiveness. In this study, the degree of use the wildlfe bridge was surveyed by striped field mouse that is likely use the wildlife bridge and surrounding as a habitat with capture-mark-recapture method.(Apodemus agraius). The distance and route of movement were identified by connecting the capture points, and the environmental factors on the use of the wildlife bridge implemented a generalized linear model(GLM) with the capture number of captured as a dependent variable. Consequently of capture, no individuals crossing the wildlife bridge, striped field mouse use the wildlife bridge as a habitat.The environmental factors affecting the use of mice were vegetation cover(1~2m, 2~8m, over 8m), vegetation construction, maximum diameter at breast height were positively correlated and slope was nagatively correlated. In conclusion, it is expected that the effectiveness of the wildlife bridge will be further improved by planting shrubs and trees and preventing high slope and cut slope increasing the utilization of the rat, such as being used as a food source in the ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the changed vegetational community structure according to vegetational succession in Chiaksan National Park of Korea by applying ordination and classification method of floristic composition along with the actual vegetation by correlation. As for the ratio of actual vegetation, Mongolian oak forest(33.1%) was the highest, followed by mixed forest(16.2%), Japanese larch forest(15.6%), deciduous broad-leaved forest(14.7%), red pine forest(11.1%), Korean pine forest(2.3%) and Pitch pine forest(0.1%), respectively. The vegetation was classified into Acer pseudosieboidianum-Quercus mongolica community, Cornus controversa-Carpinus cordata community, Quercus sonata community, Pinus densiflora community and afforestation. The Acer pseudosieboldianum-Quercus mongolica community-a subordinately ranked community-was divided into Carpinus laxiflora-Sassa borealis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa-Carex siderosticta community. The results of community classification using by ordination and classification method of floristic composition were similar to each other. The vegetational succession, with the combination of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, was predicted to form a climax forest from above the hillside.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.49-60
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• 2008

In this study, the green zone patterns of sidewalks are classified 'one street-tree row + building,' 'one street-tree row + green zone,' 'two street-tree rows + building,' and 'two street-tree rows + green zone' and assessed their visual characteristic in order to provide desirable measures for scenery design. As a result of the analysis of visual images of sidewalk, the scenery in which street trees are planted in one row was generally assessed to be negative, while roads where green zones rather than buildings are adjacent were revealed to seem stable and pleasant. The scenery in which street trees are planted in two rows was assessed highly in an image of 'extensionality' indicating street circumstances, and especially the pattern 'two street-tree rows + green zone' was shown to be the most beautiful scenery. According to the results of factor analysis of sidewalks, three factors were identified : 'extensionality' showing sidewalk circumstances; 'peculiarity' including unique personality, and 'pliability' showing the organic flow of the scenery. The results of the analysis of visual preference of the scenery according to green zone patterns showed that the 'two street-tree rows + green zone' was measured to be highest. When buildings are adjacent to a sidewalk, two street-tree rows rather than one street-tree row were assessed to increase preference. As for the correlation between visual factors and preference analyzed through multiple regression analysis, all 'extensionality,' 'peculiarity,' and 'pliability' were revealed to show positive correlation for visual preference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.10-17
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to compare the growth of Vitex rotundifolia as affected by the difference of soil depth and mixture ratio in a shallow-extensive green roof module system, and to identify the level of soil thickness and mixture ratio as suitable growing condition to achieve the desired plant growth in green roof. Different soil thickness levels were achieved under 7cm, 15cm and 25cm of shallow-extensive green roof module systems made by woody frame of $500{\times}500{\times}300mm$. Soil mixture ratio were eight types for perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 7 : 1 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_7P_1L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 6 : 2 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_6P_2L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 5 : 3 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_5P_3L_2$), perlite : peatmoss : leafmold = 4 : 4 : 2 (v/v/v, $P_4P_4L_2$), only sand ($S_{10}$), sand : leafmold = 7 : 3 (v/v, $S_7L_3$), sand : leafmold = 5 : 5 (v/v, $S_5L_5$) and only leafmold ($L_{10}$). The growth response of Vitex rotundifolia had fine and sustain condition in $P_6P_2L_2$, $P_5P_3L_2$ and $P_4P_4L_2$., Especially, in case of $P_6P_2L_2$, growth response appeared to be good even in soil thickness 7cm, which showed low survival rates of Vitex rotundifolia in other soil mixtures. Tree height, root diameter, photosynthesis and chlorophyll contents tended to increase with increased soil thickness.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1443-1449
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• 2013

This was an experimental study to evaluate temperature reduction and evapotranspiration of extensive green roof. Three test cells with a dimension of $1.2(W){\times}1.2(D){\times}1.0(H)$ meters were built using 4-inch concrete blocks. Ten-centimeter concrete slab was installed on top of each cell. The first cell was control cell with no green roof installed. The second and third cells were covered with medium-leaf type Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) above a layer of soil. Soil thickness on the second cell was 10cm and that on the third cell was 20cm. Air temperature, relative humidity and solar irradiance were measured using AWS (automatic weather system). Temperature on top surface and ceiling of the control cell and temperature on top surface, below soil and ceiling of green roof cells was measured. Evapotranspiration of the green roof cells were measured using weight changes. Compared with temperature difference on the control cell, temperature difference was greater on green roof cells. Between two green roof cells, the temperature difference was greater on the third cell with a thicker soil layer. Temperature differences below soil and on ceilings of green roof cells were found greater than those of the control cell. Between the green roof cells, there was no difference in the temperature reduction effects below soil and on ceilings based on substrate depth. In summary, green roof was found effective in temperature reduction due to evapotranspiration and shading effect.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.126-132
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• 1997

Nanji-do is an island in Seoul, the area is 272ha, and in which gad was piled up waste discharged from Seoul metropolitan for 15 years(form March 1978 to March 1993). The volume of waste is 92, 000, 000m$^{2}$. The actual vegetation area of Nanji-do is 191ha, and the area of woody plant is 31ha. The rest area is covered by herbaceaus plant. In actual vegetation area of woody plant, Robinia pseudoacacia community and Salix pseudo-lasiogyne community are 83%. The soil pH is alkaline, though general soil pH is acid in Seoul. There is no relation with soil condition and actual vegetation. The result of this study, actual vegetation of Nanji-do don't help the establishment of vegetation restoration after soil stabilization construction. And so following a countermeasure is proposed. 1) Selection of adequate species by an experiment of planting pioneer species, native species, and dietary species 2) Establishment of an adequate planting plan and development of slope stabilization method by planting of native species 3) Establishment of a restoration plan of animal ecosystem by survey for animal ecosystem

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-69
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• 2016

Significant efforts are being devoted in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and extensive green roofs are an option for mitigation. The purpose of this study was to compare the surface temperature, vegetation types, and plant species on an extensive green roof. Test beds were created in May 2015, and the surface temperature was monitored from June to August. The test beds comprised polyculture and monoculture. Polyculture was divided into three types, and monoculture comprised eight plant species. An extensive green roof is effective in reducing temperature by forming a shade and preventing sunlight from falling on the surface of buildings, which mitigates the urban heat island effect. Consequently, the surface temperature of the green roof and that of concrete during summer reduced from $17.8^{\circ}C$ to $7.3^{\circ}C$. The temperature reduction was greater on using polyculture than on using monoculture, but monocultures of Sedum takesimense, Hemerocallis dumortieri, Allium senescens, Aster yomena, Belamcanda chinensis, and Aster koraiensis also produced good results. The temperature reduction effects of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum f. variegatum, Phlox subulata, and Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica were excellent compared with those of concrete but were less than those of other plant species. Careful attention is needed for the management of extensive green roofs. Studies on the plant species and types of extensive green roof should continue to mitigate the urban heat island effect.