• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.34-48
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• 1999

본 연구는 주요 조경수목에 대한 생장예측모델을 추정하여 적정 식재간격을 산정하기 위해 실시하였다. 조경식재에서 많이 사용되는 9개 수종을 대상으로 수종별 30주 이상씩의 개체를 선정한 후, 상관성이 높은 측정변수 간에 회귀분석을 실시하여 생장예측모델을 추정하였다. 그리고 서울 시내 2개 아파트단지 녹지를 사례연구지로 선정하여 생육상태를 파악하고 모델과 비교하였다. 전체적으로 교목층 위주의 식재로 인해 식재밀도가 과밀하여 수관이 왜곡되고 기형적으로 생장하는 현상이 발생하고 있는 바, 수관중복률과 수관왜곡률을 분석한 결과에 의하면 현재의 식재간격이 매우 조밀한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 결론적으로 시간경과에 따른 주요 조경수종의 규격별 생장예측을 통해 목표년도별 적정 식재간격을 제안하였는데, 목표년도를 식재 후 5년으로 본다면 상록교목은 2.0m, 낙엽교목은 3.0~4.0m, 낙엽아교목은 2.0~2.5m의 식재간격이 적당하고, 식재 후 10년을 목표년도로 한다면 상록교목의 경우 3.0m, 낙엽교목은 4.0~6.0m, 낙엽교목은 2.5~3.0m의 간격을 유지하여야 한다. 한편, 본 연구의 결과와 서울시 조례기준 식재밀도를 비교하였는데, 식재후 5년이 경과한 시점에서는 0.23본/m2, 10년 경과시점에서는 0.12본/m2이 적정 식재밀도로 밝혀져 현재 0.2본/m2으로 정하고 있는 서울시 교목식재 관련 기준은 5년 정도를 목표시점으로 한다면 적절한 수준임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 식재 후 10년이 경과하면 수관중복률이 25%를 초과하게 되므로 쾌적한 녹지환경을 유지하기 위해 반드시 적절한 관리를 실시해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.106-127
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• 2010

Although multi-layer planting methods are more widely used as a method for clustered planting and environmental programs such as plant remediation, difficulties have been faced in applying those to planting design. This study develops a basic planting model that can be applied to multi-layer planting in basis on an analysis of forest structures in the Seoul area. An optimal number of clusters was determined through the ISA (Indicator Species Analysis), and 7 basic clusters were found through a cluster analysis by using PC ORD 4.0 software specifically developed for ecological analysis. The 7 basic clusters include the following communities: the Quercus acutissima Community, Sorbus alnifolia-Quercus mongolica Community, Pinus rigida-Pinus densifiora Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Quercus mongolica Community, Juniperus rigida-Quercus mongolica Community, Rododendron mucronulatum var. mucronulatum-Pinus densiflora Community, and Rododendron sclippenbachii-Quercus mongolica Community. The study also selected 57 species with at least a 10% frequency among the plant species existing in the Seoul area and suggested both a companion species and available similar alternative species by conducting an additional interspecific association analysis. This study may help to enhance usefulness of the model in architectural planting design. In addition, the two results named above were synthesized to develop a multi-layer planting model that can be utilized in landscape planting design by selecting similar alternative species through the interspecific association analysis, which includes 7 clusters of natural plants. The multi-layer planting model can be widely applied to design planting because the model has an average target cover range based on the average value of a transformed likelihood.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.73-76
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• 2003

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the problems on several steps of the establishment of the Nature Ecological Forest in Yeouido Park, Seoul, and also to suggest improved approaches on each step. For execution drawing, planting models and plans seemed to be uncertain, and the quantity and size of planting trees seemed to be impractical. For construction, the woody plants planted on the site were different in species and size from the planting plan. Ecological planting was somewhat limited because of the inappropriate soil properties. For management, replacement of the dead trees was not executed properly, and no management scheme was prepared after the replacement period. We suggested improved approaches for the establishment of ecological forests in urban areas as follows: for execution drawing, overstory, understory and herbaceous ground cover layers should be composed based on standard plant community structures. Trees that are available from tree markets should be specified in the planting plan. For construction, trees for planting need to be tagged to identify species and size. When tree species and size are changed, they should be checked to ensure that they are proper to the plant community model. Soil information should be collected to check that they fit the target plant community model. For management, the proper amount of trees needs to be specified in the planting plan by applying regular discount rates, especially for trees supplied from the government sector. The replacement period should be extended from two years to five years. The change of plant communities should be monitored during first five years after establishment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 1999

In this study, the effects of stand planting density on parameters of stand height and basal area growth models were investigated. We used the Korf equation as the base model in estimating the parameters of the growth models for cryptomeria plantation forest stands. Then, in order to investigate the effects of the change in plantation density on the parameter estimates, the "extra sums of square" principle, which provided a reasonable statistical procedure for a performance test, was used. The results of the test coincide with the understandings that stand height growth is not affected significantly by the planting density and the growth curves of stand basal area approaches a common asymptote regardless of the stand density for a given site. However, the shapes of the basal area growth curves were affected significantly by the planting density. Based on the results of the test, we developed a basal area growth model to account for the effects of initial planting density in cryptomeria plantation forest stands.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2015.11a
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• pp.137-138
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• 2015

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.404-411
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of plant covering in the extensive green roof site. Eighteen herbaceous perennial grass such as Caryopteris incara and sedum species such as Sedum Kamtschaticum were planted on an experimental green roof with 10cm substrate depth in 2007. This study investigated vegetation change over 3 growing seasons 2007-2009. The covering rates of planted species mostly increased in 2008, but declined in 2009 except 6 species such as sedum specis and Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica etc. There were four categories of covering characteristics generated from the results of this study. These include the type of sustain planting site, the type of encroach adjacent site, the type of creeps and spreads, and the type of scatters and spreads. The covering models of eight planted species were drawn by simple regression analysis. However more monitoring of various plants will be needed to establish the information for sustainable roof planting plan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.16-24
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• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.03a
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• pp.84-88
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• 2007

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.89-96
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• 2013

Green roofs can reduce surface water runoff, provide a habitat for wildlife moderate the urban heat island effect, improve building insulation and energy efficiency, improve the air quality, create aesthetic and amenity value, and preserve the roof's waterproofing. Green roofs are mainly divided into three types : intensive, simple-intensive, and extensive. Especially, extensive roof environment is a harsh one for plant growth; limited water availability, wide temperature fluctuations, high exposure to wind and solar radiation create highly stressed environment. This study, aimed at extensive green roof, was carried out on the rooftop of the library at Seoul Women's Univ. from October to November, 2012 and from March to August, 2013. To suggest the most effective vegetation model for biodiversity and heat island mitigation, surface temperatures were monitored by each vegetation model. We found that herbaceous plants of Aster sphathulifolius, Aceriphyllum rossii and Belamcanda chinensis, shrub of Syringa patula 'Miss Kim', Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica, Sedum species can mixing each other. Among them, the vegetation models including Sedum takesimense, Aster sphathulifolius, Thymus quinquecostatus var. japonica was more effective on the surface temperature mitigation, because the species have the tolerance and high ratio of covering, and also in water. Especially, in the treatment of bark mulching, they helped to increase the temperature of vegetation models. In the case of summer, temperature mitigation of vegetation models were no significant difference among vegetation types. Compared to surface temperature of June, July and August were apparent impact of temperature mitigation, it shows that temperature mitigation are strongly influenced by substrate water content.