• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-248
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• 2004

This study was carried out to propose improvement planting method by the research and analysis of planting concept, planting density, planting style and pattern in apartment complex, Seoul. Survey sites were selected by reflecting the change of green area ratio : Hawgok Jugong apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1974), Samik-green apartment complex, Gangdong-gu(1980), Dongsindaea apartment complex, Gangseo-gu(1992). Green area in apartment complex was classified with front green area, side green area, and back-side green area. Planting concept that composed of landscape planting concept but anyother concept was not, was similar to all sites not differ from creation time. And planted species was not differ from planting style. Planting density was of both conopyㆍunder story layer was 0.0∼0.2 tree/$m^2$, and that of shrub layer was 0.0∼0.5 tree/$m^2$ Shrub layer planting density was insufficient and the density was not changed according to the creation time. Canopyㆍunderstory and shrub was planted to another green space, not concern with multi-layer structure. Planting pattern was utilized to single planting, linear planting, and random triangle planting, but it was not to the change that in each green space planting concept. Green area in apartment complex should be variety according to planting density, planting structure and planting pattern. And we should get the function of covering and beauty in case of front green space, that of ecological environment and increasing green volume in case of back-side green area, that of increasing green volume in case of side green area, apartment complex.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.88-103
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• 2019

This paper aims to identify planting design for the renewal of Okgu Park, located in Siheung, Gyeonggi-do. I designate planting concept fit spatial functions and also suggest planting designs that are proper for a growth environment. The spatial functions of the research site are divided on the basis of the park facilities, its surroundings, and usage. To understand the planting concept, this paper looks into the distribution of plant species and the precise planting structure. To understand the planting concept and the current usage of shade space in the park, I examine the distribution of plant species and the precise planting structure. There are 48 kinds of plants, with Zoysia japonica area (28.84%), Prunus yedoensis (8.0%), Pinus thunbergii (6.73%) and Zelkova serrata (6.38%) taking up the majority. 27 places were chosen for researching the precise planting structure. The research shows that the average green coverage ratio is 38.14% and the average green capacity coefficient is $0.72m^3/m^2$. The growth defective rate of trees in the shade areas is estimated by averaging the classified growth conditions of individual trees per block of shade areas. Areas with an inferior environment for growth and low spatial usage in Okgu Park are selected as subjects for planting design. After comparing the spatial functions with planting concepts and analyzing the growth of plants, I identify $36,236m^2$ areas with inferior growth condition. I also examine structures and the surrounding areas to find areas that require urgent planting improvement, specifically identifying landscape space and shade space around the fountain and the buffer space nearby the North gate. I rearrange spatial functions in the selected areas to devise a planting design considering the existing vegetation, layer structure, and its usage. I set the planting concept and direction to improve the landscape of the selected areas through implementing a planting design so the park users can be satisfied with each space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.63-76
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• 2015

This study was carried out to suggest improvement plans for problems with the landscape areas of highway service areas. The survey factors were land use, placement of green area and land coverage in terms of spatial and environmental property. Noise and topographic structure in detached green areas were surveyed in terms of impact factor. The status of the planting area around each service area was analysed in regards to planting structure and planting landscape. As a result, the mean of rations of land use were 81.6% building and 18.4% green areas, which were composed of 5.4% landscape area, 9.1% buffer area, etc. Planting areas as usable space accounted for only 0.7%, and the result of noise measurement was different according to the distribution of highway and service area and type of detached green area. The mean of ratio of planting area was 18.4%, which consists of 6.7% landscape planting, 3.4% other green area, 4.6% buffer area, 2.0% buffer and landscape area, 1.1% shade planting and 0.5% landscape and shade planting. Most planting areas aim at landscape appreciation and areas in which visitors can relax and gain recreation were insufficient. The planting structures of service areas were 52.2% canopy layer, 11.8% shrubs and 9.4% canopy and shrub layers, and most of the planting areas were a single layer of green area. Multi-layered planting structures in the landscape and buffer areas were required and a shade planting area was needed to improve amenities as planting canopy layered trees. This study suggested improvement methods for based environments, spatial function and planting function in landscape areas.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2023

As a solution to environmental issues, such as climate change response, the carbon neutrality strategy, urban heat islands, fine dust, and biodiversity enhancement, the value of urban green spaces and trees are becoming important, and various studies dealing with the effects of trees for environmental improvement are being conducted. This study comprehensively considers the preceding studies on planting tree species, planting structure, planting density, and planting base to propose a direction for the planting renewal of green areas in urban parks and applies the findings to a renewal plan to improve the urban environment through landscaping trees. A field survey was conducted on the planting status of Seoul Children's Grand Park, a large-scale neighborhood park in Seoul, and based on the survey data, a planting function evaluation was conducted, and areas needing improvement in planting function were identified. The planting function evaluation was carried out considering the park function setting, planting concept according to spatial function, and planting status. As a result of the study, the direction of planting renewal according to functional change was derived for each stage of planting function evaluation. Increasing the green area ratio is a priority in setting up park functions, but user convenience should also be considered. As a concept of planting, visual landscape planting involves planting species with beautiful tree shapes, high carbon absorption, and fine dust reduction effects. Ecological landscape planting should create a multi-layered planting site on a slope. Buffer planting should be created as multi-layered forests to improve carbon absorption and fine dust reduction effects. Green planting should consist of broad-leaved trees and herbaceous layers and aim for the natural planting of herbaceous species. For plant species, species with high urban environment improvement effects, local native species, and wild bird preferred species should be selected. As for the planting structure, landscape planting sites and green planting sites should be composed of trees, shrubs, and trees and herbaceous layers that emphasize ecology or require multi-layered buffer functions. A higher standard is applied based on the planting interval for planting density. Installing a rainwater recycling facility and using soil loam for the planting base improves performance. The results of this study are meaningful in that they can be applied to derive areas needing functional improvement by performing planting function evaluation when planning planting renewal of aging urban parks and can suggest renewal directions that reflect the paradigm of functional change of created green areas.

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.81 no.7_8
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• pp.25-28
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• 2004

그간 무궁화 보급운동은 무궁화가 가지고 있는 속성과 품종의 선택, 식재방법 및 관리에 대한 기본 개념이 정립되지 않은 상태에서 추진되어온 결과 다소 잘못된 점이 도출 되었을 뿐 아니라 국민들이 좋아할 만큼 성공되지 못하였다. 세계적으로 무궁화를 가로수나 정원수로 심고 있는 나라는 온대지역에 속하는 대부분의 나라로 알려져 있고 특히 그리스나 이태리에서 주택가나 가로수로 식재되고 있다. 그러나 그 가로수는 우리가 일반적으로 생각하고 있는 느티나무, 은행나무, 버드나무등과 같이 크게 자라는 나무가 아니므로 주택가나 꽃길조성에 식재되어 왔다. 이제 무궁화는 어느 곳이든 잘 자라는 수벽이나 꽃동산으로 이용하고 아무데서나 잘 자란다는 「고정관념」을 버려야 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2005.03a
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• pp.104-107
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• 2005

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.106
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• pp.34-36
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• 2008

그간 무궁화 보급운동은 무궁화가 가지고 있는 속성과 품종의 선택, 식재방법 및 관리에 대한 기본개념이 정립되지 않은 상태에서 추진되어온 결과 다소 잘못 된 점이 도출 되었을 뿐 아니라 국민들이 좋아할 만큼 성공되지 못하였다. 세계적으로 무궁화를 가로수나 정원수로 삼고 있는 나라는 온대지역에 속하는 대부분의 나라로 알려져 있고 특히 그리스나 이태리에서 주택가나 가로수로 식재 되고 있다. 그러나 그 가로수는 우리가 일반적으로 생각하고 있는 느티나무, 은행나무, 버드나무등과 같이 크게 자라는 나무가 아니므로 주택가나 꽃길조성에 식재 되어 왔다. 이제 무궁화는 어느 곳이든 잘 자라는 수벽이나 꽃동산으로 이용하고 아무데서나 잘 자란다는 "고정관념"을 버려야 한다. 우리가 아름다운 나라꽃을 보기 위하여 무궁화를 심었는데 자라지도 못하고 꽃도 피지 못하여 단지 무궁화나무의 형체만 가지고 있을 뿐 우리가 바라는 꽃나무의 구실을 못한다면 오히려 심지 않은 것만 못하다는 뜻이다. 양적으로 많이 심는 것보다 적은 량을 심더라도 가치 있게 심고 가꾸는 것이 더 중요하다. 그러므로 다음과 같은 적지를 잘 선정하여 심고 항상 충분한 비배관리를 해 주어야 한다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.321-337
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• 2002

This study was carried out to draw up the planting plan of bridge type ecological corridor for animals migration at Hakgogae(ridge) destroyed by road construction in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. It was conducted with two steps, survey and planting master plan. We surveyed the structure of topography, plant community, and animal habitat. We also selected the target species migrate ecological corridor and suggested a concept of each planting area, the planting species, and the planting density based on the analyzed data and finally drew up the planting plan. The structure of topography was a steep slope due to the mountain ridge destruction so the bridge type ecological corridor was could be applied in this study and we supposed that the animals migrate along the both edge of corridor. As the results of analyzed plant community structure in two sides, the dominant woody species, Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis were distributed on the bottom and the belly of a mountain, while Pinus densiflora community was distributed on the mountain ridge as edaphic climax. The similarity between Q. serrata -Q. mongolica -Q. variabilis community on the West of survey site and Q. serrata -Q. mongolica community on the East of survey site was high in 71.0 percentages. As the results of surveying birds and some mammalia, seven species and fifty-seven individuals of birds were founded in survey area, and two species and two individuals of rodents were founded. We selected birds and some mammals for the migration species that supposed to migrate ecological corridor in drawing up the planting plan. And then we divided the planting areas into bird corridor and habitat, and mammals corridor, also suggested the planting areas in detail as follows: community planting area of shrub at slope adjacent to the bridge exit as a buffer zone, screen planting area, community planting area of herb at steep slope connected with mountain areas, inducement planting area of the animals, community planting area for bird migration, community planting area for mammals migration, and community planting area for bird habitat. We selected the planting woody species which were the constancy ratio based on the analyzed data of plant community around mountain areas was high, and suggested the planting master plan each space.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1378-1382
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• 2007

과거에는 치수적인 측면에서 하상과 둔치에 자생하는 식생이 홍수시 하천의 통수능을 줄인다는 이유로 기피 대상이 됐으나, 근래에 들어 생활수준의 향상과 더불어 국민의 여가생활에 있어서 하천의 친환경적인 역할이 증대되고 있다. 하천에서의 식생은 토사의 침식을 억제하여 탁도를 줄이며, 수중야생 동 식물들의 서식처를 제공하고, 제방의 식생은 제방의 안정에 기여한다. 뿐만 아니라 식생은 첨두홍수량을 줄이는데 기여하고, 유출에 의한 오염물질을 여과시킨다. 과거에는 하천 식생을 고려하기 위해 Manning 공식 등을 이용하여 단순히 경험적으로 조도계수만을 증가시키는 방법을 사용하였다. 단순히 조도계수를 증가시킬 경우, 식생이 수로에 존재하면 전체적인 흐름저항은 증가하지만, 하상 전단력은 감소한다는 개념과 맞지 않게 된다. 또한 기존 식생수로에 관한 연구의 초점은 주로 수직모형에 의한 수직 흐름구조 변화에 있어 왔다. 하지만 수직모형을 실제 자연하천에 적용하기란 쉽지 않고, 실무적인 측면에서 비실용적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실무적으로 적용성 및 활용도가 높은, 식생항력 개념을 적용시킨, 수심 평균된 2차원 수치모형을 개발하였으며, 직선수로에 식재구간을 설정하여 식생에 의한 흐름특성 변화를 살펴보았다. 식생이 존재함으로써 수면의 상승이 유발되었고, 비식재 구간에서의 평균유속이 상대적으로 높은 증가율을 보였다.