• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2009

The Chrysanthemum zawadskii complex is demarcated from other species by having the white and pink ligulate flowers. Its morphological characters are greatly diversified, so that various classification systems have been suggested. The character of leaf thickness has been mentioned as the characteristic for recognizing some of infra-specific taxa within this complex. In this study, we used longitudinal leaf sections to investigate the leaf thickness and cell number of leaf blades of 13 populations including those of the members of the C. zawadskii complex, as well as 4 populations of the related species of C. boreale and C. indicum. From the result, it was clear that the leaves were thicker in populations of C. boreale, C. indicum and C. zawadskii complex (diminishing in that order), and that the leaves were composed of about 9 cell layers in all populations. Within the C. zawadskii complex, leaf shape and thickness varied among the populations. It was very interesting that the taxa with restricted distribution, like C. zawadskii var. tenuisectum, C. zawadskii var. alpinum, C. zawadskii var. lucidum, and C. zawadskii subsp. coreanum had a thicker leaves than found among widely occurring taxa. From this, leaf thickness is supposed to be an adaptation to the unique habitat of each population.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 1994

Calli were induced from leaf explants of B.falcatum, and selected cell clumps of the calli (900-1, 000${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D for 7 days, respectively: The clumps were subsequently transferred onto MS basal medium and subcultured for four weeks. In order to investigate the effect of 2, 4-D pretreatment, the selected clumps were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2, 4-D for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 or 144 hours and then transferred to liquid MS basal medium, wherein they were cultured for 4 weeks. Histological observation showed that root initial cells were developed from cells on the surface of clumps or from cells in the inner region. Clumps on the basal medium produced mot within 5 days of culture. The rate of prutruding time was inversely proportional to the concentration of 2, 4-D. The number of adventitious roots per clump preheated with 0.1 mg/L 2, 4-D was an average of 5.2, which was the highest level. On MS medium as control, the clumps formed 3.3 adventitious roots each. As tile concentration of 2, 4-D increased, the number of adventitious roots were declined accordingly: The number of adventitious roots as the period of pretreatment increased upto 120 h.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.369-379
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• 2015

The seed morphology of 25 taxa (8 genera) of Alsineae (Alsinoideae, Caryophyllaceae) in Korea was examined using stereo (SM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their diagnostic values and taxonomic implications. Circular, comma-shaped, ellipsoid, ovate, pyriform, reniform, and sub-circular seed shapes were identified. The seeds of the examined taxa range from 0.28 to 4.10 mm in length and from 0.33 to 3.10 mm in width; the smallest one was found in Sagina japonica, while the largest was in Honkenya peploides var. major. A hilar appendage was found in Cerastium, Honkenya, Moehringia, and strophioles were only observed in the genus Moehringia. Based on the examination of epidermal cells of the seed surface, four micromorphological types can be distinguished, viz., the colliculate-papillate (Col-Pap), colliculate-columellate (Col-Cll), colliculate-simple (Col-Sim), and smooth (Sm) types. Descriptions of the testa shape, margin, and the degree of elevation of the anticlinal cell walls, and the outer periclinal cell walls are summarized for the tribe. Taxonomic implications of the seed micromorphological characters were also discussed, in comparison with an earlier taxonomic system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Anatomical features of seed coat were examined on Trollius, Calathodes, and Caltha of Ranunculaceae to evaluate the taxonomic circumscription of Megaleranthis saniculifolia, which is monotypic and endemic in Korea. Megaleranthis saniculifolia showed the exotestal type of seed coat exhibiting a well-developed palisade structure in exotesta and its external surface of exotesta cells was concave. On the other hand, the shape of exotesta cells in Caltha was cuboidal and the outer surface was smooth. The exotesta of Calathodes seeds was formed of the palisade structure like M. saniculifolia, but the outer surface of exotesta cells was smooth. The palisade structure was much better developed in the exotesta of Calathodes as well as Megaleranthis seeds than in the exotesta of Trollius seeds. The outer surface of exotesta cells in Trollius was either convex or concave according to the species examined. Since the genera of the subtribe Calthinae of the family display differences in seed sculpturing and the anaotmy of seed coat, these characteristics are useful to access taxonomic relationships among them. The morphological and anatomical features of seed coat suggest that Megaleranthis be possibly allied with Trollius rather than Caltha or Calathodes. Concave surface of seed coat cells and well-developed palisade structure of exotesta are shared by M. saniculifolia and some species of Trollius in common.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.517-522
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the morphological and anatomical characteristics of needle and the genetic diversity of Pinus pumila Regel which is a unique and the southern peripheral population in South Korea. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences among individuals within population in all 8 needle characteristics. Average characteristics of 66 individuals were 53.59 mm in needle length, 0.78 mm in needle width, 68.98 in needle index, 0.65 mm in needle thickness, 4.56 ea. in maximum stomata row, 3.80 ea. in minimum stomata row, 8.36 ea. in total stomata row and 1.71 ea. in resin canals, respectively. Resin canal per needle of this species ranged from one to three, depending on external type. Especially, arrangement types were 69.47% in two resin canals and 30.45% in a single resin canal. A total of 78 bands was generated from 9 selected I-SSR primers. The estimates of genetic variation were 61.5% in proportion of polymorphic bands (P), 1.698 in effective number of alleles ($A_e$), 0.388 in expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) and 0.567 in Shannon's information index (S.I.), respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

To confirm whether or not the Electrochemical Disinfection System (EDS) meet with the D-2 regulation established by IMO (International Maritime Organization), the biological treatment efficacy of the EDS was assessed using three groups of natural marine plankton (bacteria, $10-50\;{\mu}m$ and $>50\;{\mu}m$ sized organisms). Influent water was passed through the EDS under the flow velocity ($23.8\;m^3/hr$) and test design was consisted of control (no treatment) and experimental (10 ppm and 30 ppm) condition for total residual chlorine (TRC). And the biological condition of the influent water followed the standards established by the guidelines for the approval of ballast water management systems. The disinfection efficacy of the $10-50\;{\mu}m$ sized organisms (phytoplankton) was assessed by three kinds of measurements using photomicroscope, epifluorescence microscope and fluorometer (fumer Designs 10-AU). After being passed through the EDS, all motile phytoplankton lost their motility under photomicroscope, the colour of chlorophyll fluorescence fumed from red into green under epifluorescence, and the high chlorophyll fluorescence (Expt. 1: 6.95, Expt. 2: 7.11) detected by fluorometer decreased into value not detected. These results indicated phytoplankton community was totally killed after electrochemical disinfection treatment. Survivorship of the larger organisms than $50\;{\mu}m$ was determined based on the appendage's movement under a stereomicroscope. Natural assemblage collected from ambient seawater was killed shortly after being passed through the EDS, whereas some Artemia remained alive. However, no live Artemia was found after 24 hour further exposure to each TRC concentration (10 and 30 ppm) under darkness. After electrochemical treatment, the target bacteria such as aerobes, coliform and Escherichia coli were completely killed on the basis of CFU (colony forming unit) on Petrifilm plate ($3\;M^{TM}$) after 48 hr incubation. Moreover, no regrowth was found in the three groups of plankton during five days under additional exposure to the treated water. These results indicated that the disinfection efficiency of the EDS on the three groups of plankton satisfy D-2 regulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 1992

An experiment was conducted to find out effect of soil water condition on shoot and root growth and P, K uptake by soybean plants. Soybean plants were grown under different soil water table levels, 20cm, 40cm and 60cm below the soil surface using minirhizotron with 20cm in diameter, and well irrigated and water stressed conditions using 1/2000a Waganer pots. Three soybean plants, Paldal culfivar, were grown and sampled at the early growing period, 37 days after planting, and at the harvesing period, 115 days after planting. Shoot and root growth were restricted by water stresed condition and by excessive soil water condition with the 20cm water table. Little difference in shoot and root growth were found between well irrigated condition and 40cm or 60cm water table conditions. The P and K contents in shoot under water stressed condition were higher than well irrigated condition at the early growing period but reversed at later harvesting period. The dry weight and length of roots were more severely restricted by water stress than those of shoots. Root morphological difference was found by anatomical observation. Normal cortex was developed under the well irrigated condition, while abnormal cortex with aerenchyma formed by lysis under excessive water conditions of 20 or 40cm water talbes. Aerenchyma was formed at outer skirt of pericycle. Role of formation of aerenchyma of soybean roots might be an adaptation to excessive soil water condition and possibly related to survival of soybean roots growing under near flooding condition on dikes of paddy lands.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.486-498
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to analyze the species of 82 furniture in the late Choseon Dynasty (mainly, 19th century), which are housed in the Seoul Museum of History. Total of 22 species were found. The species shared 43% as hard pine(Diploxylon), 9% as Zelkova serrata Makino, 7% as Paulownia spp., 7% as Tilia spp., 6% as soft pine(Haploxylon), 5% as Ginkgo biloba Linn., 4% as Cedrela sinensis A. Juss., 3% as Diospyros spp., 3% as Abies spp., 2% as Alnus spp., 2% as Picea spp., 1% as bamboo, 1% as Populus spp., 1% as Betula spp., 1% as Juglans spp. The other minor ones were Torreya nucifera Sieb. et Zucc., Pyrus spp., Castanea spp., Ulmus spp. and Kalopanax oictuse (Thunb.) Nakai. Thirty seven furniture (45% in total) was made of single species, 19 (23%) of two species, 16 (20%) of three species and 10(12%) of 4 to 6 species. For frames and panels, hard and strong woods, such as hard pines, Zelkova and Cedrela, were used. For drawer, however, light woods having low shrinkage, such as Paulownia and Tilia, were used. The origin of woods could be specified by the habitats of the species identified. Both Hwanghaedo- and Parkcheon- Chests used basswood (Tilia), which grow in the cold regions, indicating the origin of woods as North Korea.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1980

In 1976, a newly released rice variety, Yushin, was planted in 300,000 ha of the 533,000 ha of cultivated total hecterage with new rice varieties. High productivity and quality were achieved by farmers around country. However, the wilting phenomena of Yushin occured in some regions where were employed poor cultural management, and flowed sewage into the paddy field from industrial factories. This study was identified some factors for the wilting phenomena of Yushin rice variety in morphological and physiological aspects. The Yushin variety showed greater internode elongation on low part of the stems that close related to lodge at heavier nitrogen levels, excessive number of spikelets per unit leaf blade weight i.e. higher sink/source ratio, and greater consumption of respiratory substrate by increased respiration rate of rice plant as compared with those of Tongil rice variety. In physilogical aspects, the Yushin variety was significantly declined root development and root activities under heavy nitrogen conditions. Yushin rice variety was decreased $K_2$O/N ratio, carbohydrate content in stem of rice plant, and physiological root activities specially in low light intensity, 50% light interception plots. Therefore, above factors were mainly promoted the wilting phenomena of Yushin rice variety.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2009

To verify hybridity of Asplenium castaneo-viride, external morphology, spore morphology, anatomy and chromosomes of the species and of the two presumed parental species, A. incisum and A. ruprechtii, were examined. A. castaneo-viride usually had 1-pinnately divided frond. However, some individuals had almost simple fronds with pinnatisect basal parts similar to A. ruprechtii, while others had fronds similar to A. incisum in having oblanceolate blades and basal pinnae with triangular, 2-3 lobed apices. On the surface of the spores, sculpturing consisted of folds that were usually prominent; forming long wings, and irregular or incomplete reticulation. However, reticulation patterns varied among species. A. castaneo-viride showed a wide range of variation from sparse to dense patterns, whereas A. incisum showed only from sparse to intermediate patterns. A. ruprechtii showed from intermediate to dense patterns. The spore size of A. castaneo-viride was $54.63{\mu}m$, larger than other two species ($47.81{\mu}m$ in A. incisum and $44.22{\mu}m$ in A. ruprechtii). The level of undulation of epidermal cell wall was also different. A. incisum had the most shallowly undulated wall, and A. castaneo-viride had a pattern intermediate between the two presumed parental species. This same patterns was recognized in the density of stomata. The density of $45.91/mm^2$ in A. castaneo-viride was intermediate between the two presumed parental species ($67.00/mm^2$ in A. incisum, and $37.86/mm^2$ in A. ruprechtii). Chromosome number was constant (2x =2n = 72) as in A. incisum and A. ruprechtii. However, A. castaneo-viride showed a different ploidy level. The populations of Mt. Mai (Jeonbuk province) and Mt. Duryun (Jeonnam province) were diploid (2n = 72) which is a new record for this taxon, whereas the population of Mt. Buram (Seoul) was tetraploid (2n = 144). Conclusively, A. castaneo-viride was revealed to be a hybrid of A. ruprechtii and A. incisum based on evidence involving leaves, spores, epidermal cells, stomata and chromosome number.