• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.481-482
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• 2001

연안 이용을 목적으로 건설되는 방파제 혹은 호안의 건설은 해류의 자연적인 흐름을 인위적으로 방해함으로서 해역의 수력학적 조건을 변화시키고, 그에 따른 저질 퇴적물 조성 및 대기노출 시간의 변화는 결과적으로 갯벌에 서식하는 해양저서동물의 번식과 섭식, 그리고 사망에 영향을 미친다 (hummel et al., 1994). 시화호는 1994년 1월 물막이 공사가 완료된 이후 1996년까지 완전히 폐쇄된 해역으로 유지되면서 내부에 분포하는 갯벌이 상당부분 훼손되었다. (중략)

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2005

This study was carried out at Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake from July 2003 to June 2004. We observed total(sum of maximum population) 5,752 individuals of 70 species including 12 species of ducks, 10 species of egrets, 6 species of wagtails and buntings, 4 species of eagles. The most dominant species was Spotbill Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha - 3,518 individuals, 61.16%), and other species were Mallard(Anas platyrhynchos - 540 individuals, 9.39%), Great Reed-Warbler(Acrocephalus arundinaceus - 217 individuals, 3.77%). Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake were observed many kinds of protected species such as Great Bittern(Botaurus stellaris), Mandarin Duck(Aix galericulata), Chinese Sparrow Hawk (Accipiter soloensis), Eurasian Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter nisus), Japanese Buzzard(Buteo buteo), Hen Harrier(Circus cyaneus), Eurasian Hobby(Falco subbuteo), and Common Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus). Since the Reed Marsh of Sihwa Lake arrived many individuals of waterbird, crop damage by the waterbird occurred in the surrounding rice fields. It was an area adjacent to the reed marsh of sihwa lake such as Yoopori and Samhwari Bibongmyoun, Yamokri Maesongmyoun Hwaseong City. Bird of crop damage was ducks openly. The most species was Spot-billed Duck. Crop damage types by the Spot-billed Duck were grazing, used the grain up or lower in quality with step on the rice. Crop damage size was about 560bags of rice during the one month on August 2002. In 2003, After carrying out the various crop damage reduction countermeasures, which measured crop damage size in 2002's crop damage area. It happened about 152bags of rice during the two months from on August to September 2003. Migration routes of Spot-billed Duck were that it was migrated from up the sihwa lake to reed marsh. It took a rest at reed marsh and migrated the surrounding rice fields for the feeding action. In 2002, it was migrated direct from up the sihwa lake to in surrounding rice fields. But as environment of reed marsh was improved better than 2002, it was migrated to reed marsh because of reducing the energy attrition rate. Crop damage reduction countermeasures are get on ears to use explosion machine, searchlight, start-gun and patrol at regular intervals. Which was an effect short term. Indirect method is to make a feeding area of substitution at up the sihwa lake and reed marsh of sihwa lake.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.289-299
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• 2011

We studied the characteristics of pollutant concentrations in 9 streams that flow into Shihwa Lake in order to provide the scientific data for effective implementation of total pollution loads management system (TPLMS) of the Lake. Suspended solid (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved nutrients ($NO_2$, $NO_3$, $NH_4$, $PO_4$ and $SiO_2$), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in stream water from industrial complexes, urban and agricultural regions were determined. Pollutant concentrations in December were higher than that in other sampling periods. COD concentration from industrial complex region with average of 12.6 mg/L was 2 times higher those from urban region (6.6 mg/L) and agricultural region (5.9 mg/L). TP concentration from industrial region also showed higher concentration than other regions. TN concentration in stream water was 5.89 mg/L for industrial region, 3.02 mg/L for urban region and 5.27 mg/L for agricultural region, respectively, suggesting inflow of TN due to fertilizer usage in agricultural field. Relative percentage of nitrogen compounds in TN follows the sequence: $NH_4$ (35.1%) > $NO_2$ (20.0%) > DON (22.8%) > PON (8.9%) > $NO_2$ (3.2%). Concentrations of dissolved nutrients, TP and TN in stream water were 3.2~37.2 times higher than that in Shihwa Lake seawater, therefore large amount of pollutants may be directly entered into Shihwa Lake without any treatment. For Gunja stream of industrial region, pollutants at midstream showed relatively higher concentration compared to upstream and downstream. It is necessary to manage the illegal discharging of sewage and waste water. Our results provide valuable informations on the estimation and reduction of total pollutant loads in the process of establishing adequately strategic and implemental plan of Shihwa Lake TPLMS.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 1997.09a
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• pp.97-113
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• 1997

• Water for future
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.24-47
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• 2003

• 에너지협의회보
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• s.63
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• pp.38-43
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• 2003

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1997

Changes of fish species composition were analyzed using seasonal samples collected from Lake Shihwa and adjacent coastal water from October 1995 to August 1996. Pelagic clupeids, Cynoglossus joyneri and Johnius belengerii predominated in abundance in the adjacent coastal water. In the lake, clupeids, gobies and freshwater Carassius carassius were collected in autumn. The clupeids, unable to overwinter in the open water, disappeared after winter. The gobies and C. carassius were also disappeared in spring except a few number of Acanthogobius hasta. A large number of Tridentiger trigonocephalus and Eleotris oxycephala were collected in summer, supposed to move into the lake during the exchange of water in lake and sea water. However, they were all died in the middle of August. The concentration of ammonium-nitrogen was higher than 2 mg/l, which was higher than 50% lethal concentraton in other fishes. Increase in temperature and pH in spring may elevate the toxicity of ammonium to fish. We discussed the effect of the other factors of the polluted water in the lake on the disappearance of fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2002

In order to understand behaviors of heavy metals around the artificial Lake Shihwa in the vicinity of Kyunggi Bay in Korea in relation with huge environmental changes due to construction of huge artificial lake, water samples were collected from Lake Shihwa and its tributaries from 1996 to 1998 and analyzed. Due to extreme pollutant discharge from various kinds of anthropogenic sources such as the Banweol and Shihwa Industrial Complexes and cities, the Shihwa and its tributaries have been polluted in waters with various heavy metals. The enrichment factors of particulate heavy metals in water of streams and storm sewers were very high. All of the heavy metals observed in the waters showed relatively high temporal and spatial variations. In surface waters of the lake during the desalination after the dike establishment, spatial distributions of heavy metal concentrations were mainly controlled by various biogeochemical factors as well as input of industrial and municipal wastewaters, while, physical mixing was minor factor Pb and Co showed a strong affinity to particle phase, however the affinity to dissolved phase was dominated in Ni, Cu and Cd. Water quality of the artificial Lake Shihwa has been deteriorated by direct discharge of untreated wastewater and heavy metals have been accumulated in the lake system. Therefore, luther environmental improvement plan should be programmed subsequently.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.16-27
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• 2001

We have studied the phosphorus geochemistry in sediments from anoxic environments of Lake Shihwa. The dominant sedimentary phosphorus forms were detrital apatite P and Al-bound p, whereas the amount of Fe-bound P was low because of anoxic condition. Based on the correlation between TP(Total Phosphorus) and OC(Organic Carbon), the behavior of sedimentary phosphorus was influenced by organic matters. It shows that dissolved and solid phosphorus concentrations, the flux of phosphate and the correlation coefficients between sedimentary phosphorus and organic matter In St. Cl were higher than those in St. C2. The results indicate that the concentrations and distributions of phosphorus In sediments were controlled by organic matters.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.159-164
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• 2008

In order to understand the spatio-temporal distribution of geochemical parametrs in surface sediments of the artificial Lake Shihwa in the vicinity of Kyunggi Hay in Korea, surface sediments were sampled at 14 sites in July 2007 and analyzed by CHN analyzer and ICP/MS. Metal concentrations in the sediments tended to be decreasing from the head to the mouth of the Lake Shihwa because of extreme pollutant discharge from various kinds of anthropogenic sources such as the Banweol and Shihwa Industrial Complex and cities. With the deposition of fine-grained sediments, high metal concentrations were also observed in the central part of lake. Although various programs(improvement of wastewater collection and treatment system, sea-lake water exchange etc) to improve the environmental conditions around the Lake Shihwa after dike construction were carried out, it was not dear to reach a good environmental quality. Therefore, further environmental programs should be conducted continuously for environmental improvement.