• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 1984

Seven seed samples of corn obtained from Kangweon Provincial Office of Rural Development, Kerea were tested for seed-borne fungi, and found that all the samples tested were infected with Fusarium moniliforme to an extent of $6.0{\sim}79.5%$. Severely infected seed samples showed poor germination on blotter. Seed component plating showed that the fungus present not only in tip caps, pericarps and endosperms, but also in embryos. Heavy infection of the fungus caused severe seed rot and seedling blight in soil, but the damage was not severe and many plants grew without any symptoms when the seeds with light infection were sown in soil. However the fungus was frequently detected from inside of the stems of healthy looking seedlings. The results indicate that the fungus transmit from seed to plant systemically. In inoculation experiments, the fungus produced stem rots on corn plants of 110 days old. The cultivar of Hwangok 3 was revealed more susceptible to the fungus than that of Suweon 19.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.390-399
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the potential use of coffee waste (CW) as an adsorbent of HCHO by adding into fiberboard. For the purpose, CW treated with various temperatures and times was placed in desiccator with a HCHO solution and then the HCHO adsorptivity of the CW was measured by acetylacetone (ATAN) and DNPH methods. In the results of ATAN analysis, amount of HCHO adsorbed in distilled water was the lowest on the non-treated CW and steadily increased to $100^{\circ}C$-treated temperature. However, over the $100^{\circ}C$, heating temperature (H-Temp) had not an effect on the HCHO adsorptivity of CW. Amount of HCHO adsorbed on CW itself was the highest at $100^{\circ}C$ H-Temp, following by $50^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $0^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$. For the HCHO adsorptivity of CW measured by DNPH methods, HCHO was not detected in the distilled water stirred with non-treated CW, but detected from the distilled water stirred with heating-treated CW. The content was the highest in the CW heating-treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. In addition, HCHO adsorbed on CW itself increased to the H-Temp of $100^{\circ}C$ regardless of heating time, but decreased or reduced greatly degree of the increase over $100^{\circ}C$ H-Temp. In conclusion, optimal heating conditions of CW for the HCHO adsorption might be H-Temp between 100 and $150^{\circ}C$ with 10 min according as technical and economical reasons. Heating-treated CW manufactured with above the conditions can be used as an adsorbent in conventional fiberboard production for reducing HCHO emssion.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2008

Purpose: In order to enhance the efficiency of respiratory gated 4-dimensional radiation therapy for more regular and stable respiratory period and amplitude, a respiration training system was designed, and its efficacy was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The experiment was designed to measure the difference in respiration regularity following the use of a training system. A total of 11 subjects (9 volunteers and 2 patients) were included in the experiments. Three different breathing signals, including free breathing (free-breathing), guided breathing that followed training software (guided-breathing), and free breathing after the guided-breathing (post guided-breathing), were consecutively recorded in each subject. The peak-to-peak (PTP) period of the breathing signal, standard deviation (SD), peak-amplitude and its SD, area of the one cycle of the breathing wave form, and its root mean square (RMS) were measured and computed. Results: The temporal regularity was significantly improved in guided-breathing since the SD of breathing period reduced (free-breathing 0.568 vs guided-breathing 0.344, p=0.0013). The SD of the breathing period representing the post guided-breathing was also reduced, but the difference was not statistically significant (free-breathing 0.568 vs. guided-breathing 0.512, p=ns). Also the SD of measured amplitude was reduced in guided-breathing (free-breathing 1.317 vs. guided-breathing 1.068, p=0.187), although not significant. This indicated that the tidal volume for each breath was kept more even in guided-breathing compared to free-breathing. There was no change in breathing pattern between free-breathing and guided-breathing. The average area of breathing wave form and its RMS in postguided-breathing, however, was reduced by 7% and 5.9%, respectively. Conclusion: The guided-breathing was more stable and regular than the other forms of breathing data. Therefore, the developed respiratory training system was effective in improving the temporal regularity and maintaining a more even tidal volume.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.193-203
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between depression and physical health of the elderly and to provide fundamental data for programs which improve the health of this population. The subjects were 168 elderly people(55 years and older) who resided at home in Taegu. They were surveyed by interview using a closed- ended questionnaire. The survey was done from September 16 to October 16 in 2000. The instruments used in this study were general characteristics, Short form Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS), Barthel Index, Muscular skeletal symptoms scale, Northern Illinois University's Health Self Rating Scale. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, multiple regression with SPSS PC 10.0 version for Windows. The findings were as follows: 1. As compared 65-74 years elderly group, 75-84 years group was significantly higher score for depression(F=3.17, p=.026). As compared elderly group who has own spouse, the group who has no own spouse was significantly higher score for depression(t=- 2.44, p=.016). 2. The aged who have more limitation of Activities of Daily Living(ADL)(t=3.93, p=.000), pain of muscular skeletal symptoms(F=5.33, p=.002) and poor perceived health state(F=17.04, p=.000) showed the higher severity of depression than the aged who have not. 3. ADL correlated negatively with depression(r=- .293, p=.000), pain of muscular skeletal symptoms correlated positively(r=.251, p=.001), perceived health status correlated negatively(r=-.522, p=.000). 4. The combination of perceived health status and ADL explained 29.1% of the varience of depression. On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made; 1. Developing health programs is needed considering ADL, pain of muscular skeletal symptoms, perceived health status, demographic variables (age, spouse status) which have an significant effects on depression of the elderly. 2. In the following study, the use of the various scale is needed which reflects physical status of the elderly in home.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.306-315
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• 2004

Yangjae stream, stretching through Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu, is a representative city stream with its environmentally friendly stream makeover project model, launched in 1995. The district of Gangnam-gu, the subject of this study, is under high pressure from the residents for its use as a huge residential areas close to the stream. The study has two main purposes. The first is to identify the condition and characteristic of utilization of Yangjae stream which is currently being increased in use by the stream restoration. Secondly, the study aims to suggest the environment-friendly management to accomplish arrangement of the naturally friendly stream based on the identification survey, The result from the user survey with 303 valid answer sheets show that the people from neighboring residential areas use this stream a lot doing exercising(51.8%) and taking a walk(24.4%) in their free time. Also regular use rate is high, and people are likely to use it alone(30.4%) or as a family(28.4%). With regard to the need of facility increase, even though the respondents required resting places in the shade(80.8%) most, overall, additional introduction of facilities was analyzed as unnecessary(78.8%). safety issue(22.0%) and a lack of convenience facilities(17.6%) and resting places in the shade(16.6%) are pointed as main problems while the users are generally satisfied(59.5%) with the stream. Improving walk-way and planting trees for shade on the slope were designed as a solution for these problems. For securing safety through improvement of walk-way, the scattering of pressure of current walk with building new walk using berms was presented. In order to increase safety on the walk-way(see above figure), the study proposes to build a new walk-way with berms to disperse excessive pressure. It also suggests the tree planting to provide shade in the stream and to make a provision for the planting of forest trees in the current law.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.164-173
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• 2005

Mechanical preparation has been introduced to provide the sealant retention. The objective of this study was to compare the fissure penetration and the microleakage of pit and fissure sealant using mechanical preparation(mechanical preparation + acid etching) and acid etching only. An additional objective of this study was to compare the fissure penetration and the microleakage of unfilled and filled sealant in both methods. Sixty human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose were selected. Thirty teeth were acid etched alone and remaining thirty teeth were prepared with a $\frac{1}{4}$ round bur and then acid etched. One-half of teeth in each surface treatment method were sealed with unfilled sealant and the other half were sealed with filled sealant. All of the teeth were thermocycled for 1200 cycles at $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$ and immersed in 5% methylene blue for 24 hours. Each tooth was sectioned bucco-lingually at mesial pit and distal pit and examined under a Measurescope. In the case of mechanical preparation, fissure penetration of sealant was significantly increased compared with the case of acid etching only(P < 0.05). The filled and unfilled sealant using mechanical preparation showed significantly decreased microleakage when compared with the unfilled sealant using acid etching only(P < 0.05). No differences were found in fissure penetration and microleakage between unfilled and filled sealant in both methods. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that mechanical preparation and filled sealant are recommended when placing pit and fissure sealant. However, further clinical studies should be performed in regard to microleakage.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) is known to be associated with the changes of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Nasal continuous positive airway pressure(nCPAP) treatment was found to correct abnormal ANS changes in OSAS but it remains to be further clarified. We aimed to assess the effects of nCPAP on ANS manifested on electrocardiogram, using spectrum analysis in the subjects with OSAS. Methods: Digital polysomnography was performed in 18 patients with OSAS(mean age $43.7{\pm}16.6$ years ; 17 males, 1 female ; mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) $48.6{\pm}20.9$) for one baseline and another CPAP nights. From each night, 300 continuous beats of ECGs without artifact were chosen from both stage 2 sleep and REM sleep and they were used for power spectrum analysis. We compared between baseline and CPAP nights the heart rate variability including VLF(very low frequency power), LF (low frequency power), HF(high frequency power), R-R means, R-R variance, and LF/HF ratio, using Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Results: In all patients, nCPAP proved to be effective in relieving apneas and snoring. During nCPAP night compared with baseline night, decreases in VLF(p<0.05), LF(p<0.01), and R-R variance(p<0.05) were found in stage 2 sleep, and decreased LF(p<0.05) was found in REM sleep. No significant differences in each sleep stage were found in other variables between the two nights. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that OSAS increases the activity of sympathetic nervous system and nCPAP application effectively decreases the activity. And nCPAP does not appear to influence the parasympathetic nervous activity in OSAS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.613-623
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine parents' perceptions towards the importance and performance levels of foodservices quality at kindergartens. The questionnaire was developed to measure the thirty-one quality attributes of foodservice operations. A questionnaire survey was conducted to 500 parents and the return rates were 62.4%. The survey period was from July 15 to August 8, 2008. The parents had a high level of perception toward the need for foodservice, earning 4.46 points out of 5 point. Their perceptions of foodservice quality were examined by six dimensions of importance and performance level. While the parents gave 4 points or greater of 5 points to most quality attributes of importance level, they gave 4 points or less out of 5 points to most quality attributes of performance level. As for the importance and performance level of the quality dimensions of foodservice, parents regarded sanitation as the most important dimension. IPA showed that 'ventilation', 'sanitation of tableware' and 'sanitation of dining tables and chairs' were included as 'focus' areas. The overall satisfaction level for foodservice was 3.74 out of 5 points A higher level of satisfaction was shown at self-operated foodservice system of kindergartens. According to multiple regression analysis, 46.3% of the variance in the respondents' overall satisfaction scores was explained by factors such as food, menu and price, facilities, sanitation, atmosphere and foodservice effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.668-678
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to estimate seasonal variation of nutritional intake and quality in adults in longevity areas. Dietary survey was given to 469 subjects over age 20 living Bukjeju-gun, Yecheon-gun, and Sunchang-gun of Korea, using 24-hour recall method every 4 seasons over one-year period. The mean daily intakes (%RDA) of 4 seasons were 1313.3 ㎉ (72.0%) for energy, 47.3 g (82.2%) for protein, 20.2 g for fat, 228.0 g for carbohydrate, 12.8 g for dietary fiber. The differences were hardly significant among the seasons. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals were lower than RDA except vitamin C and folate, especially %RDAs of Ca, vitamin D, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin E were less than 60% of RDA. In general, nutrient intake were high in spring compared to other seasons except vitamin C which was high in fall and winter. Mean daily intakes of cholesterol were 151.7 mg and 124.3 mg in males and females, respectively. The differences was significant between the two sexes but not among the seasons. PUFA : MUFA : SFA ratio of the subject was 1.0 : 1.3 : 1.2. Average CPF ratio of energy intake was 72.7 : 14.4 : 12.9, and energy intake ratio from carbohydrate was low in spring, in contrast energy intake ratios from protein was significantly high in spring. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.64 for female and 0.71 for male. The indices of nutritional quality (INQ) were over 1 for most of nutrients except 0.73 of Ca, 0.87 of vitamin A, 0.69 of vitamin B$_2$, and 0.65 of vitamin E. Both MAR and INQ were significantly different among sex and seasons, values were higher in males than in females and were higher in spring with the exception of vitamin C. In conclusion, subjects in longevity areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin E. Also mean daily intakes of most of vitamins and minerals were insufficient in females, and were significantly different among season. Therefore we must consider a counterplan to augment nutrition intake for them. In addition, it seems to be essential to micro nutrients to the food composition database to estimate dietary intakes more accurately.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.2 s.91
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• pp.79-89
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility and errors in landmark identification of conventional lateral cephalometric radiography and digital lateral cephalometric radiography. Fifteen conventional lateral cephalometric radiographs and fifteen digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were selected in adults with no considerations on sex and craniofacial forms. Each landmark was identified and expressed as the coordinate (x, y). The landmarks were classified into 3 groups. The landmarks of the first identification was T1, identification after one week was T2, and identification after one month was T3. The mean and standard deviation of identification errors between replicates were calculated according to the x and y coordinates. The errors between first identification and second identification were expressed as T2-T1(x), T2-T1(y) and those between first identification and third identification were expressed as T3-T1(x), T2-T1(y). Each was divided into conventional lateral cephalometric radiography and digital lateral cephalometric radiography. The independent t- test was used for statistical analysis of identification errors for the evaluation of reproducibility. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Generally, the mean and standard deviation of landmark identification errors in digital lateral cephalometric radiography was smaller than those of conventional lateral cephalometric radiography. 2. Only a few landmarks showed statistically significant difference in identification error between conventional lateral cephalometric radiography and digital lateral cephalometric radiography. 3. The enhancement of image quality didn't guarantee decrease in landmark identification error and didn't affect tendency of landmark identification error.