• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 2013

A general characterization procedure based on the extraction of a 2n-port admittance matrix corresponding to n uniform coupled lines on the multi-layered substrate using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) technique is presented. In this paper, the frequency-dependent normal mode parameters are obtained from the 2n-port admittance matrix to analyze multi-layered asymmetric coupled line structure, which in turn provides the frequency-dependent propagation constant, effective dielectric constant, and line-mode characteristic impedances. To illustrate the technique, several practical coupled line structures on multi-layered substrate have been simulated. Especially, embedded conductor structures have been simulated. Comparisons with Spectral Domain Method are given, and their results agree well. It is shown that the FDTD based time domain characterization procedure is an excellent broadband simulation tool for the design of multiconductor coupled lines on multilayered PCBs as well as thick or thin hybrid structures.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.106-113
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• 1997

A 3V CMOS continuous-time fully-balanced integrator for low-voltage analog-digital mixed-mode signal processing is designed in this paper. The basic architecture of the designed fully-balanced integrator is complementary circuit which is composed of NMOS and PMOS transistor. And this complementary circuit can extend transconductance of an integrator. So. the unity gain frequency, pole and zero of integrator are increased by the extended transconductance. The SPICE simulation and small signal analysis results show that the UGF, pole and zero of the integrator is increased larger than those of the compared integrtors. The three-pole active low-pass filter is designed as a application circuit of the fully-balanced integrator, using 0.83V CMOS processing parameter.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.3A
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• pp.337-346
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• 2004

Punctured convolutional codes increase transmission efficiency without increasing hardware complexity. However, Viterbi decoder supporting punctured codes requires long decoding length and large survivor memory to achieve sifficiently low bit error rate (BER), when compared to the Viterbi decoder for a rate 1/2 convolutional code. This Paper presents novel architecture adopting a pipelined trace-forward unit reducing survivor memory requirements in the Viterbi decoder. The proposed survivor path architecture reduces the memory requirements by removing the initial decoding delay needed to perform trace-back operation and by accelerating the trace-forward process to identify the survivor path in the Viterbi decoder. Experimental results show that the area of survivor path unit has been reduced by 16％ compared to that of conventional hybrid survivor path unit.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.7 s.349
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• pp.132-142
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• 2006

In this paper, we present a candidate high data rate space time coded OFDM system for short range personal networking. The system transmits the complex space time coded signals with a hybrid orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based on ultra wideband (UWB) pulses. The transmitted signals are sparse pulse trains modulated by a frequency selected from a properly designed set of frequencies. Additionally, a widely linear (WL) receive filter and a space time frequency transmission are designed by using two simple parallel linear detectors. To overcome the deeply fade in the propagation system, a beamforming combined with space time block codes also 따 e briefly discussed.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2007

It is impossible to remove toxic organic substances that are recognized as a cancer caused suspicious element in drinking water using the conventional water purification method. This study introduces groundwater into a reaction chamber as an effective amount of water to process this water using a mixed method of AOP oxidation and M/F membrane and purifies it as a desirable level by artificially mixing such toxic substances in order to effectively process the water. Based on this fact, this study configures an optimal operation condition. The VOCs existed in toxic substances was investigated as a term of phenol and toluene, and agricultural chemicals were also investigated as a term of parathion, diazinon and carbaryl. The experiment applied in this study was performed using a single and composite soolution. In the operation condition applied to fully dissolve and remove such substances, the amount of $H_2O_2$ injected in the process was 150 mL of a fixed quantity, the value of pH was configured as $5.5{\sim}6.0$, the temperature was controlled as a range of $12{\sim}16^{\circ}C$, the dissolved amount of ozone was applied more than 5.0 mg/L, the reaction time was determined as an optimal condition, such as $30{\sim}40$ minutes, and the segregation membrane in the same reactor was determined for acquire water drinking of large quantity using a pore size of $0.45{\mu}m$ M/F membrane.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 2011

The effects of $TiO_2$ photocatalyst coating bead concentration, water-back-flushing period (FT), and back-flushing time (BT) were investigated in hybrid process of ceramic ultrafiltration and photocatalyst for advanced drinking water treatment in this study. Photocatalyst coating bead concentration was changed in the range of 10~40 g/L, FT in 2~10 min and BT in 6~30 sec. Then, we observed the effects on resistance of membrane fouling $(R_f)$, permeate flux (J) and total permeate volume $(V_{\Upsilon})$ during total filtration time of 180 min. As decreasing photocatalyst coating bead concentration, $R_f$ increased and J decreased. $V_{\Upsilon}$ was the highest value of 8.85 L at 40 g/L of photocatalyst coating bead concentration. At FT change experiment, $R_f$ decreased and J increased as decreasing FT. Then $R_f$ decreased and J increased according to increasing BT at BT change experiment. Because at NBF (no back-flushing) dramatic membrane fouling reduced membrane pore size, turbid and dissolved organic matters ($UV_{254}$ absorbance) could be removed efficiently. Therefore, treatment efficiencies of turbidity and dissolved organic matters were the highest at NBF. Then by cleaning effect of photocatalyst coating bead, the treatment efficiencies of turbidity and dissolved organic matters increased as decreasing FT and increasing BT.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.91-97
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• 1994

In speech processing, the waveform codings are concerned with simply preserving the waveform of signal through a redundancy reduction process. In the case of speech synthesis, the waveform codings with high quality are mainly used to the synthesis by analysis. Because the parameters of this coding are not classified as both excitation and vocal tract, it is difficult to apply the waveform coding to the synthesis by rule. Thus, in order to apply the waveform coding to synthesis by rule, it is necessary to alter the pitches. In this paper, we proposed a new pitch alteration method that can change the pitch period in waveform coding by dividing the speech signals into the vocal tract and excitation parameters. This method is a time-frequency domain method preserving the phase component of the waveform in time domain and the magnitude component in frequency domain. Thus, it is possible that the waveform coding is carried out the synthesis by rule in speech processing. In case of using the algorithm, we can obtain spectrum distortion with $2.94\%$. That is, the spectrum distortion is decreased more $5.06\%$ than that of the pitch alteration method in time domain.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2000

The ACF/PP-g-AAc copolymers were synthesized by the irradiational grafting of acrylic acid onto ACF/PP fabric. The synthesis of copolymer was evidenced by the bands at 1720, 3600~3100 $cm^{-1}$ / on FT-IR spectrum. After the adsorption of metal ions on ACF/PP-g-AAc copolymers, the morphology with the small deposits on the fiber surface were observed by SEM. The optimal time for the metal ion adsorption equilibrium on ACF/PP-g-AAc copolymers was 24 hrs and their adsorption capacities increased in the order of Mn$^{2+}$>Cu$^{2+}$>Co$^{2+}$>Ni$^{2+}$. The adsorption capacities of ACF/PP-g-AAc copolymers were invariable after more than 10 times of regeneration.eration.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 2003

여러 가지 장점으로 인해 Ni-Ti 전동 파일을 근관성형에 사용하는 빈도가 점차 증가되는 추세이지만, 초심자를 대상으로 한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 초심자에서 Ni-Ti 전동 파일을 사용할 때 근관 형성의 효용성을 평가하고, 어떤 방법이 초심자에게 적절한지를 알아보고자 하였다. 근관형태가 재현된 레진 블록을 이용하여 12명의 초심자와 4명의 숙련자가 근관 형성을 시행하였다. 각 술자는 ProFile, ProTaper, Hybrid (ProFile＋ProTaper)를 이용하여 각각의 레진 블록을 세 개씩 근관형성하고, 각 파일 별의 근관 형성 시간을 기록하였다. 근관 형성 전과 후의 digital 이미지를 중첩하여 치근단으로부터 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7mm level에서 근관단면의 총길이 변화량, 만곡 외측의 길이 변화량, 만곡 내측의 길이 변화량, 중심이동량, 중심이동율과 치근단에서의 apical transportation을 구하고, 초심자와 숙련자 사이의 차이를 비교 평가하였다. 실험결과 ProFile군의 1, 3, 5, 6, 7mm level과 ProTaper군의 6mm level, Hybrid군의 3mm level에서 초심자의 근관단면의 총길이 변화량이 숙련자보다 많았다. 모든 군에서 치근단으로부터 4, 5, 6, 7mm level에서는 근관 중심이 만곡내측으로 이동하였고, 1 2, 3mm level 에서는 만곡외측으로 이동하였으나, 숙련자가 시행한 Hybrid군의 3mm level과 비숙련자가 시행한 ProTaper 군의 3mm level에서는 만곡내측으로 이동하였다. 모든 군의 3mm level과 ProFile 군의 5mm level에서 초심자의 중심이동율이 숙련자에 비해 컸으며, 초심자가 ProTaper를 사용시 더 큰 apical trans portation을 보였고, 모든 군에서 초심자가 근관형성시 더 많은 시간이 걸렸다. ProFile과 ProTaper를 이용한 Hybrid technique이 초심자에게 추천되며, 초심자들도 충분히 교육받는다면 만곡된 근관의 근관형성에 있어서 Ni-Ti rotary file의 이용이 가능하리라고 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to perform quantitative comparisons of water permeable zones in both the adhesive and the hybrid layer before and after thermo cycling in order to assess the integrity of the bonding interface. Twenty eight flat dentin surfaces were bonded with a light-cured composite resin using one of four commercial adhesives [OptiBond FL (OP), AdheSE (AD), Clearfil SE Bond (CL). and Xeno III (XE)]. These were sectioned into halves and subsequently cut to yield 2-mm thick specimens; one specimen for control and the other subjected to thermocycling for 10,000 cycles. After specimens were immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 h and exposed to a photo developing solution for 8 h, the bonded interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS) at five locations per specimen. Immediately after bonding. the adhesive layer of OP showed the lowest silver uptake, followed by CL, AD. and XE in ascending order (p < 0.0001); the hybrid layer of CL had the lowest silver content among the groups (p = 0.0039). After thermocycling, none of the adhesives manifested a significant increase of silver in either the adhesive or the hybrid layer. SEM demonstrated the characteristic silver penetrated patterns within the interface. It was observed that integrity of bonding was well maintained in OP and CL throughout the thermocycling process. Adhesive-tooth interfaces are vulnerable to hydrolytic degradation and its permeability varies in different adhesive systems, which may be clinically related to the restoration longevity.