• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

Wetland plants are an important component for wetland design and construction because they determine functions of wetlands through interactions with the abiotic environment such as wetland soil and hydrology as well as with other wetland organisms. In this study, germination experiments with soils from a natural wetland that contain seeds of wetland plants were conducted in wetland mesocosms to investigate the applicability of natural wetland soils for introducing and establishing wetland plants into constructed wetlands. Seven species were germinated in the experiment, with two new species that were not found in the field survey of wetland plants in the West Nakdong River area, Korea. The number of plant individuals germinated in submerged conditions (15 individuals) was much greater than that in waterlogged conditions (2 individuals). In experiments in which soils from a natural wetland and a wetland construction site were mixed at different ratios, the largest number of plant individuals was observed in the condition with 100% natural wetland soil. The highest growth was observed at 50% natural wetland soil for Hydrilla verticillata and 100% for Ceratophyllum demersum. These results suggest that 1:1 mixture of soils from natural wetland wetlands and wetland construction sites would provide an appropriate condition for secure establishment of submerged plants in constructed wetlands.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2010

Changes in wetland soil properties of two constructed wetlands after their constructions were compared to those of a natural wetland to determine if they could be used for the evaluation of the success of constructed wetlands and the assessment of their functions. One natural wetland as a reference wetland and two constructed wetlands(treatment wetland and experimental wetland) with different contaminant inflow characteristics were selected for this study. Major physicochemical properties of wetland soil such as soil texture, water content, pH, CEC(cation exchange capacity), organic matter content, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus were monitored to investigate the effects of inundation and accumulation of organic matters and nutrients on the wetland soil development. There was a clear difference in soil texture between the natural wetland and the constructed ones, with the high sand content in the constructed wetlands as compared to the high clay content in the natural one. Gradual increases of silt and clay contents over time were observed in the constructed wetlands. The soil of the natural wetland was higher in water content and organic matter but lower in pH than those of the constructed wetlands. The pH of the constructed wetlands reached near neutral ranges after initial increase. CEC and nutrient concentrations of the constructed wetlands seemed to be affected mainly by outside inflows of organic matter and contaminants. Concentrations of organic matter and nutrients decreased over time in the experimental wetland where surface and deep soils with different characteristics were mixed during its construction, suggesting that changes in soil properties during wetland constructions may affect the development of wetland soils or wetland biogeochemistry. This study showed that changes in physicochemical properties of soils in constructed wetlands could be used to assess the success of constructed wetlands and their functions, and also the importance of reference wetlands for the appropriate assessment.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

This study examined geological characteristics of a wetland in Mountain Geumjeong in Busan Metropolitan City. Field survey and laboratory tests were performed to identify topographic features, geological and structural geological characteristics, rock strength along the distance from the wetland, soil profile in the wetland, and chemical property of the wetland soil. The bedrock of the wetland consists of hornblende granite. Hornblende granite and rhyolitic rock around the wetland have the joints with strikes of N-S, E-W, and NE-SW directions and with higher dips greater than $60^{\circ}$. Lower rock strength and higher weathering grades take place towards the wetlands. According to X-ray diffraction analysis of wetland soil samples, kaolinite, montmorillonite, and gibbsite appear which demonstrate weathered products of feldspars in the hornblende granite. The soil profile in the wetland comprises O, A, B, and C horizons from the land surface. The contents of the organic matters decrease from shallow parts to deeper parts of the soil profile. In addition, $K^+$ and $Na^+$ originating from the weathering of feldspars are dominant components among inorganic ions in the wetland soil.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.661-667
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• 2005

It was preliminarily considered that Jangdo wetland was a concave landform formed by the weathering of granite intruding Precambrian silicified metasedimentary rocks. Various granite-weathered topography was observed. The formation scenario of Jangdo wetland is as follows. By flood or slope mass movement of regolith, rock fragments were moved to form a low-relief slope landform. As a result, wetland was formed. By analyzing the slope soil and wetland sediment, we conjectured that Jangdo wetland depended on the influence of peripheral slope soil. In these concavelandform environment, the supply of water and organic materials was sustained for a long time to form a organicnondegradable wetland environment. In addition, the plants appropriate to this wetland environment were settled to thicken the wetland. This is how the present Jangdo wetland was thought to be formed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2132-2137
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• 2009

갈대(Phragmites communis Trin.)란 염분이 있는 곳에서 자라는 염생식물로서 우리나라 전역에 분포하고 있다. 지난 50년 동안 우리나라의 여러 습지에 걸쳐서 갈대는 우점종으로 자라왔고, 육지와 수중서식지에서 갈대의 확산범위는 증가하고 있다. 갈대의 확산은 다른 습지 식물의 서식지를 파괴하고, 갈대가 번식하면 동 식물들의 번식 자체가 어려울 뿐 아니라 갈대숲에 포식자가 늘어나 살아가기 어려운 환경으로 변하기때문에 갈대를 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 본 연구는 우점종이 다른 두 습지에서 갈대군집의 성장률을 관찰하고, 토양의 화학적 분석과 식물의 생리적 분석을 통해 갈대군집 성장에 미치는 영양염류의 영향을 규명하였다. 연구 대상지는 한강하구에 위치한 장항습지와 성동습지로서 동일하게 갈대가 분포하며, 장항습지에는 줄 군락이 성동습지에는 새섬매자기 군락이 우점하고 있다. 분석 항목은 이화학적 항목을 비롯하여 용존유기탄소(DOC, dissolved organic carbon), 체외미생물효소활성도(Extracellular enzyme activities), 암모니아성 질소($NH_4^+$), 질산성 질소($NO_3^-$)을 분석하였다. 실험결과, 두 습지 갈대의 성장은 7월부터 9월에 증가하였고 성동습지의 토양성분이 점토질로 형성되어 높은 수분함량과 유기물함량을 유지하고 있기 때문에 갈대의 밀도가 높고 성장률이 활발한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 미생물활성과 환경인자간 양의 상관관계를 보아 환경인자들이 미생물 활성을 자극하고 미생물들은 식물의 성장을 촉진하여 영향을 주며, 반면 식물 뿌리는 enzyme을 생성하는 미생물에게 C 삼출물을 공급해 enzyme 활성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2001

We described the vegetation of a disturbed lagoon wetland in relation to water and soil environments in Kungae lagoon reclaimed 30 years ago. Water depth and soil organic matter showed a great spatial heterogeneity in Kungae wetland which was changed into a freshwater marsh by the dike construction. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis suggested that differences in vegetation structure were primarily the result of variation in water depth or microtopography and soil organic matter Various emergent vegetations were developed in the wetland: species such as Phragmites australis, Calamagrostis epigeios, Carex dispalata and Lythrum anceps in a wide area, hydrophyes such as Typha angustifolia and Scirpus tabernaemontani at the low elevation with deep water, ruderals such as Bidens frondosa and Persicaria perfoliata near upland with much soil organic matter and sand-dune vegetation such as Carex kobomugi, Diodia tens, Pinus thunbergii and Potentilla egedei var. groenlandica at the high elevation. These results suggest that development of a prototype for wetland restoration from vegetation analysis of other natural lagoons and restoration of natural water tables and hydrologic connections between the diked wetland and the sea are important in the disturbed Kungae wetland.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2009

To reveal conservation value of Sowhangbyungsan-neup among wetlands in Mt. Odae designated as a Ramsar convention site in 2008, ecological characteristics were investigated. The maximum depth of sediment was 86cm and average at central part was 56cm. Average pH of water was 5.8 and this indicates that this wetland has the characteristics between bog and fen. Average electron conductivity was $11{\mu}S$/cm, which is the lowest among Korean wetlands. Nutrient status was oligotrophic based on contents of cation, nitrate, ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus in water. Out-flow of water was related with the 3 day cumulative precipitation. Soil texture was loam and nutrient level was very low. Vascular plants of 45 family, 95 genus, 121 species, 2 subspecies, 16 variety, 4 forma, total 121 taxa were recorded. Main plant communities on Sphagnum base were Osmunda cinnamomea community, Carex dispalata community and Carex curta community. The results indicated that this wetland has very different ecological characteristics than others in Korea and deserves conservation value well. Also, this study revealed that there is no evident threatening factor and this wetland will have characteristics of fen continuously in near future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.191-191
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• 2023

기후변화 대응을 위한 탄소 중립의 중요성이 대두되는 요즘, 생태계의 가장 큰 메탄 저장소로서 지구의 탄소 순환에 주요한 영향을 미치는 습지에 대한 이해는 필수적이다. 전지구 지면 모델인 Community Land Model(CLM)에 Functionally Assembled Terrestial Ecosystem Simulator(FATES) 외부 모듈을 함께 구동한 지면 생태계 모델 CLM-FATES는 지면 heterogeneity와 다양한 식생 종류를 고려하여 에너지 플럭스, 토양 수문, 생화학적 과정 등을 모의함으로써 탄소 동태 변화를 포함한 장기적 생태계 동태 변화 모의를 가능하게 한다. 본 연구는 CLM-FATES 모델을 미국 캘리포니아주 Mayberry Wetland (US-Myb)와 Twitchell East End Wetland (US-Tw4)에 적용하였다. 모델의 대기 입력 자료로는 FLUXNET-CH4에서 제공하는 에디 공분산 기반 플럭스 관측 자료를 사용하였다. 기존 CLM-FATES 모델은 토양이 장기간 포화 혹은 침수되어 지표 위 혹은 지표면 가까이 발달한 지하수면을 가지고 있는 습지의 수문학적 특성을 잘 반영하지 못해 정밀한 습지 생태계 동태 변화 모의에 한계를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 CLM-FATES를 통한 보다 정확한 습지 생태계 모의를 위해 모델 내 토양 수문 관련 모듈을 수정하여 모델이 습지의 수문학적 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 하였다. 모델 구동 결과 도출한 잠열, 총일차생산량(Gross Primary Production: GPP)과 순생태계생산량(Net Ecosystem Production, NEP) 플럭스, 메탄 플럭스, 엽면적지수(Leaf Area Index; LAI)와 지표수 높이에 대해 관측값 대비 RMSE 및 R² 값을 계산하여 모의 결과의 적절성을 분석하였다. 이러한 모델 개선 경험을 바탕으로 추후 우리나라 습지 사이트에 모델을 적용하여 습지 탄소 동태 예측에 활용할 계획이다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.208-208
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• 2011

하구는 하천의 담수와 염수가 교차되고 혼합되는 기 수역으로서 수생 생태계의 중요한 서식처이며 바다와 하천의 중요한 생태통로가 되고 있다. 국내에서는 4대 하천 중에서 한강하구가 유일하게 하구 둑이 없는 자연하구이며 나머지 대하천은 둑으로 인해 담수와 해수의 자연스러운 흐름이 제한되고 생태적인 연결이 단절된 형태이다. 한강하구에는 대규모 습지가 분포하고 있으며 특히 장항습지는 종단길이 약 7.5km, 폭 최대 500m에 달하는 대규모 습지로서 고라니를 비롯한 동물과 줄, 선버들을 비롯한 식물의 대규모 군락이 분포하는 등 생태적 가치가 높은 지역이다. 본 연구에서는 한강하구의 장항습지와 산남습지를 대상으로 특정구간의 물리적 특성, 식생의 분포특성을 파악하고 연관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 1차적으로 포괄적인 현장조사를 통해 전체 식생군락과 분포를 파악하고 특징적인 식생군락을 선정하였다. 2차적으로는 선정된 줄 및 선버들 군락지를 대상으로 토양단면, 토양입경을 분석하고, 새섬매자기 군락지를 대상으로 측량을 실시하였다. 3차적으로는 대상 군락의 지하수위를 측정하여 상호관계를 분석하였다. 이 결과는 우선 한강하구의 지역적 특징에 국한되지만 향후 타 지역과의 비교연구가 수행된다면 대상 식생과 물리적 생장조건과의 정량적인 관계가 도출될 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.69-82
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the bacterial community structure in organic rice-fish mixed farming paddy soil by using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that compared with the organic rice cultivated soil, the content of AP (available phosphorus) increased by 310.23 % and the content of OM (organic matter) increased by 168.83%. The most abundant phyla in paddy soils were Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Chloroflexi, whose relative abundance was above 47.83%. Among the dominant genera, the relative abundance of Limisphaera in paddy soils was observed. Alpha diversity indicated that the bacterial diversity of paddy soils was similar among each other. The bacterial community structure was affected by the relative abundance of bacteria, not the species of bacteria. Principal Coordinated Analysis (PCoA) results showed that the bacterial communities in organic rice-fish mixed farming soil and organic paddy soil were correlated to each other; the bacterial community structure was distinctively grouped by four different systems (paddy soil under organic rice-fish mixed farming system, organic rice cultivation, and conventional rice cultivation), where the first two are closely related to each other than the third one. The results provide basal support for organic agri-cultivation while improving an ecological value at the same time.