• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2016

Placenta accrete patients whose mother mortality rates are rather high due to massive bleeding during childbirth need to have Prophylactic placement of Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion Catheters procedure to reduce amount of blood loss and inoperative transfusion. Nevertheless, studies for mothers inevitably exposed to dose during PIIABOCs procedure have not been published many yet. Therefore, this study is to investigate exact information on radiation dose exposed to fetus during PIIABOCs procedure. Average effective dose of fetus per organ is 2.38~8.83 mGy, measured highest at beam center and followed by eyeball, stomach and bladder. The result showed that the longer fluoroscopy time is used, the closer beam center is and the thicker abdominal thickness is, the more effective dose on fetus is increasing. When using the collimator and protection shown to decrease the effective dose and when using higher the patient table shown to decrease the effective dose. It has been reported that the threshold of deterministic effect is about 100mGy. Deterministic effect was regarded as a factor that would influence on fetus exposed by medical radiation than stochastic effect. Consequently, it concluded that dose exposed on fetus in PIIABOCs procedure was approximately 10% of threshold of deterministic effect with effective dose of 0.49~18.27 mGy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.500-506
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• 2006

Purpose : We evaluated an outbreak of Serratia marcescens infections in 24 neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit(NICU). Methods : From January to August, 2004 a nosocomial outbreak of S. marcescens occurred in our NICU. We describe the clinical characteristics of the outbreak and analyse the risk factors for infections with S. marcescens. After the outbreak stopped, 7 isolates from blood were typed using rapid amplified polymorphic DNA analysis(RAPD). Results : S. marcescens was isolated from 24 neonates, 19 infected and 5 colonized. Seven out of nineteen neonates had bacteremia, 4 had ventilator associated pneumonia, 4 had purulent conjunctivitis, 2 had UTI, 1 had meningitis and 1 had a wound infection. Three neonates died due to S. marcescens infection, 2 of 3 had ventilator associated pneumonia, 1 had meningitis complicated with abscess. The mortality rate of S. marcescens infection was 15.8%. Factors associated with S. marcescens infections were previous antibiotic therapy, indwelling catheter and use of ventilators. The isolated strains were resistant to most antibiotics, but frequently sensitive to imipenem, bactrim and amikacin. RAPD typing results show that at least 3 epidemic strains were related with this outbreak. But one genotype was predominant type in this outbreak. The control measures were instituted and the outbreak stopped within 2 months. Conclusion : S. marcescens can cause rapidly spreading outbreaks associated with fatal infections in neonates. If S. marcescens is isolated from clinical specimens, meticulous infection control measures and epidemiologic investigations should be done at an early stage of the outbreak.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.1 s.25
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• pp.14-24
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• 1989

현재 중국에는 55개의 소수민족이 있으며, 그 인구총수는 6,700만을 초과한다. 중국정부는 특히 70년대 후반서부터 소수민족에 대한 일연의 보호정책을 쓰고 있으며 다수민족인 한족에 대하여 엄격히 실시하는 1가구 1자녀 정책에서도 소수민족을 제외하고 있다. 이에 따라 소수민족의 증가는 현저하게 늘었다. 그러나 전반적인 인구학적특성으로 보면 소수민족은 아직 후진성을 면하지 못하고 있다. 조선족이라고 일컫는 재중 우리교포는 한족을 포함하여 중국내 어느 민족과 비교하여도 인구학적으로 독특한 위치를 차지하는 경우가 많다. 예를 들어 인구증가율은 가장 낮으며 어느민족보다 앞서서 1970년대 중반에 이미 대치수준 이하의 출생률에 도달한 것으로 믿어지고 있다(Han 등, 1988). 문맹률은 최하이며 대학수업율은 최고로 높다(장(張), 1984). 사망률은 전소수민족중 가장 낮고 평균 수명은 가장 길다(Dowdle, 1984). 이렇게 재중 조선족은 인구학적으로 가장 선진적이기 때문에 1자녀 정책에 대한 수용 준비가 다른 민족보다 앞서 있다고 할 수 있겠다. 물론 조선족은 소수민족에 속하기 때문에 1자녀정책에 구애될 필요가 전혀 없다. 따라서 조선족 가정에서 1자녀만을 낳겠다는 서약을 하여 이른바 '독생자녀증'을 영수하면 이것은 한족의 경우와 달리 자율의사에 따른 것이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 이 논문에서는 다음 두가지를 다루기로 하겠다. 즉, 조선족이 인구학적으로 보아 딴 민족에 비하여 어떤 위치에 있으며, 또 중국의 중요인구정책인 1가정 1자녀제에 어떻게 반응하고 독생자녀증을 어떻게 수용하느냐 하는 것이다. 이 밖에 중국의 대소수민족 인구정책의 앞날에 대하여도 약간의 전망을 하여볼까 한다.스와 여기에 사용되는 신호 방식을 논의하고 있다. 그 외에도 전광 통신망 운용에 필요한 라우팅 및 파장할당 방법과 OXC를 이용한 그물형 망에서의 보호 및 복구에 대한 연구도 활발히 진행되고 있다.rotene 보충군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았으며 retinyl acetat와 B-carotene 보충군 사이에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다.3.17%로 가장 양호하였으나, 양파망과 염화비닐판을 수직으로 놓은 것은 각각 1.52%와 1.61%로 비교적 저조하였다. 수정 후 40일째부터 90일째까지 측정한 부착치패의 경과 일수에 따른 각장의 성장은 $SL=184.44e^{0.0335X}(r^2=0.9861)$의 회귀직선식으로서 나타났다. 중간육성 시험에서 수심별 성장을 분석한 결과, 비단가리비 치패는 저층보다 표층이 각장 5.92mm, 전중량 6.07g 정도 더 빨리 성장하였다. 시간으로 하여 l 주 44 시간을 기준으로 측정하면 통상질환관리 18.56시간, 지역사회 보건관리 5.67 시간, 모자보건 및 가족계획 5.52 시간, 사업 운영관리 및 지도 4.10시간, 지역사회 조직 및 개발 3.05 시간, 보건정보체계 개발 및 수집 2.94 시간, 사업계획 수립 2.89시간의 순으로 나타났다. 5) 보건진료원의 업무영역별 수행 소요시간의 상판판계를 살펴보면 지역사펴 조직 및 개발을 위 해 소요한 시간은 사엽계획 수립 소요시간 및 보건정 보체계 관리 소요시간과 순상관관계를, 사업 계획 수립 소요시간은 지역사회 보건관리, 모자보건 및 가족계획 관리 소요시간 및 보건정보체제 관리 소요시간과 순상관관계를 나타냈다. 또한 통상질환관리 소요시간은 지역 사회 조직 및 개발, 사업계획 수립, 지역사회 보건관리와 모자보건

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.706-714
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• 2017

An investigation of the effects of Pb for domestic anuran embryos were evaluated with the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay; Xenopus (FETAX). Depending on the species, the difference between the embryo size and the embryonic development time was determined. As a result, mortality and malformation rates were increased, malformation patterns were changed and larval body length were decreased in a dose dependent manner of the Pb. The half maximal lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.58, 0.49, 0.52, $0.54mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.35, 0.74, 0.30, $0.29mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) were 1.66 in the Bufo gargarizans, 1.81 in the Hyla japonica, 1.73 in the Rana nigromaculata and 1.86 in the Bombina orientalis, respectively. Therefore, the Pb seems likely to have a teratogenic effect in all four species' embryonic development. The Bombina orientalis was the most sensitive to the Pb. This means that the difference between the different species, even if they have all been exposed to the same concentration of pollutants depending on the species. The result above show that the Pb acts as a teratogenic agent in the development of the four domestic frog species.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2008

Purpose: To investigate the clinicopathlogical characteristics and the surgical methods for gastric submucosal tumors in Korea, the Information Committee of the Korean Gastric Cancer Association performed a nationwide survey. Materials and Methods: Data on 878 patients who underwent resection from 2005 to 2006 were collected from medical records obtained from 47 institutes. Diagnosis, demographics, symptoms, tumor factors (location, size, degree of malignancy) and operative factors (surgicalmethod and approach, mortality) were analyzed. Results: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) were the most common cancers (n=586, 66.8%), followed by leiomyomas (n=97, 11.1%), schwannomas (n=70, 8.0%), ectopic pancreas (n=67, 7.8%) and carcinoids (n=16, 1.8%). The mean age of patients was 56.0 years and the male to female ratio was 1:1.18. Only 40.9% of the patients had symptoms at the time of diagnosis, such as abdominal pain, dyspepsia and bleeding. Gastric submucosal tumors were most frequently located in the upper third of the stomach and 55.4% of the GISTs (n=319) and 84.5% of the leiomyomas (n=84.5%) were located in the upper third of the stomach. Wedge resection (n=726, 82.8%) was the most common operative method, and laparoscopic surgery was performed in 388 patients (44.2%). Only one patient (0.1%) died within 30 days of surgery. A total of 115 patients withGISTs (21.1%, 115/544) had a high risk of malignancy and 41 patients (8.3%, 45/495) received adjuvant imatinib mesylate therapy. Conclusion: The survey showed that about two-thirds of the patients with a gastric submuscoal tumor (SMT) had a GIST, and about one-half of the patients underwent laparoscopic resection. These data presented in the nationwide survey could be used as a fundamental resource for gastric submucosal tumors in Korea.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1999

Background: Patients with acute non-traumatic chest pain are among the most challenging patients for care by emergency physicians, so the correct diagnosis and triage of patients with chest pain in the emergency department(ED) becomes important. To avoid discharging patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) without medical care, most emergency physicians attempt to admit almost all patients with acute chest pain and order many laboratory tests for the patients. But in practice, many patients with non-cardiac pain can be discharged with simple tests and treatment. These patients occupy expensive intensive care beds, substantially increasing financial cost and time of stay at ED for the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia and AMI. Despite vigorous efforts to identify patients with ischemic heart disease, approximately 2% to 5% of patients presented to the ED with AMI and chest pain are inadvertently discharged. If the cause for the chest pain is known, rapid and accurate diagnosis can be implemented, preventing wastes in time and money and inadvertent discharge. Methods and Results: The medical records of 488 patients from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1997 were reviewed. There were 320(angina pectoris 140, AMI 128) cases of cardiac diseases, and 168(atypical chest pain 56, pneumothorax 47) cases of non-cardiac diseases. The number of associated symptoms were $1.1{\pm}0.9$ in non-cardiac diseases, $1.4{\pm}1.1$ in cardiac diseases and $1.7{\pm}1.1$ in AMI(p<0.05). In laboratory finding the sensitivity of electrocardiography(EKG) was 96.1%, while the sensitivity of myoglobin test ranked 45.1%. Admission rate was 71.6% in for cardiac diseases and 50.6% for non-cardiac diseases(p<0.01). Mortality rate was 8.8% in all cases, 13.8% in cardiac diseases, 0.6% in non-cardiac diseases, and 28.1% especially in AMI. Conclusion: In conclusion, all emergency physicians should have thorough knowledge of the clinical characteristics of the diseases which cause non-traumatic chest pain, because a patient with any of these life-threatening diseases would require immediate treatment. Detailed history on the patient should be taken and physical examination performed. Then, the most simple diagnostic approach should be used to make an early diagnosis and to provide treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1342-1347
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• 2005

Purpose : Among perinatal risk factors, neonatal seizures are one of the strongest independent discriminators of adverse outcome, representing high risks of mortality and neurologic morbidity. This study was undertaken to evaluate the neurologic outcome of neonatal status epilepticus according to underlying etiology, seizure pattern, onset time, and duration. Methods : We reviewed retrospectively 36 neonates(19 males, 17 females) with status epilepticus who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, Inha Hospital between July, 1988 and June, 2003. They were evaluated with neurologic examination, laboratory data, EEG findings, and neuroimaging studies etc. Results : The mean gestational period of the patients was $37.0{\pm}3.6$ weeks and birth weight was $2.70{\pm}0.82$ kilogram. Fifty two point eight percent of the neonates were male and 66.7 percent were born at term. The most common cause of neonatal status epilepticus was hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In preterm babies, intracranial hemorrhages showed an especially high frequency(P=0.034). Gestational age and birth weight did not show a correlation with neurologic complications. The incidence of neurological sequelae were significantly related to prolonged seizures lasting more than 1 hour(P=0.002). Neonates with seizures within the first 72 hours tended to be more frequent among those who developed adverse outcomes(P=0.016). Generalized tonic seizures had the worst prognosis, whereas those children who had subtle seizures had better outcomes than any other type(P<0.05). Generalized tonic seizures were primarily represented on EEG by abnormal background, whereas subtle seizure showed a significantly more normal EEG than any other seizures(P<0.05). Conclusion : Our results indicate that neonatal status epilepticus with early onsets, prolonged durations. And generalized tonic types can predict an increased risk for neurologic sequelae. So, those seizures must be perceived as medical emergencies and treated aggressively with antiepileptic drugs.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.89-109
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• 2004

The Korean Government has produced the Health Plan 2010 aimed at setting up healthy Korea objectives, policies on preventing chronic diseases, reshaping the country's health and medical infrastructure. The policy goal targets the people's healthy life expectancy at 75 by 2010, and includes healthy life practice measures including health education, health improvement services, and disease management measures, in achieving the objectives. Also, the plan provides life cycle-based health improvement and disease prevention services, as well as pushes ahead with projects with greater ripple effects in each area. To this end, the government is simultaneously pushing to operate an experts-centered health promotion committee and establishing the infrastructure including the augmentation of national health improvement funds. Through its Health Plan 20 I 0, the Korean Government will exert efforts to achieve its policy objectives as addressed in the measures by enhancing the national potential health and providing systematic disease prevention services.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1007-1015
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this study is to find a method to diagnose and treat children who showed benign hemophagocytic histiocytes in bone marrow examination. Methods : We analyzed the clinical data of thirty patients retrospectively who showed benign hemophagocytic histiocytes in bone marrow examination from January 1995 to November 2001 at Keimyung University Dong-san Hospital. Bone marrow histiocytes were classified into a few, some, and many according to the number of histiocytes comparing with the white cells. Results : The age of thirty patients ranged from two months to 15 years. The median age was 5.6 years with male predominance(2.3 : 1). The most frequent clinical manifestation was fever; others were respiratory symptom, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and skin rash(in order of frequency). Common laboratory findings were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia and abnormal liver function test. Infection was present in 30 patients; causative organisms were documented in 15 patients, and bacterial infection was more common. Epstein Barr virus was the cause of infection in four patients. Bone marrow examination showed a few(20.0%), some(75.0%) and many(30.0%) hemophagocytic histiocytes. Combination immunochemotherapy including immunoglobulin, steroids and cyclosporine were helpful in 22 out of 30 patients. The mortality rate was high in young patients who showed some to many hemophagocytic histiocytes. Conclusion : Bone marrow examinations and early detection of histiocytes will be helpful in children who have fever, hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal liver function test. Immunochemotherapy were helpful and further investigation will be needed for the detection of the relationship between the bone marrow findings and prognosis.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 2001

Development and reproduction of the persimmon fruit moth, Stathmopoda masinissa, were investigated under different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 3$0^{\circ}C$). It took 96.1 days to grow from egg to adult at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 43.2 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 34.6 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$. At 15$^{\circ}C$, all tested individuals died before pupation. The developmental threshold temperatures for egg, larva, pupa, and adult were 12.2, 13.5, 13.8, and 13.4$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The total effective temperatures for egg, larva, pupa, and egg to adult were 74.0, 331.3, 160.5, and 569.9 degree days, respectively. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates were highest at $25^{\circ}C$. The average life span of adult prior to laying eggs and the total life span of adult were 12.6 and 29.3 days at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 3.8 and 8.6 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 2.5 and 7.0 days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Mean generation time in days (T) was shorter at higher temperature. Net reproductive rate per generation (R$_{o}$) was lowest at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) was highest at $25^{\circ}C$ as 0.066.