• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.97-114
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• 2018

The East Asian region, an important part of Korea's imports and exports, is expected to grow further driven by the geographical, political, economic, social, and cultural complementarity. With the recent increase in imports and exports, the port trade volume between Korea and East Asian countries is also growing. However, due to various factors, such as economic size, growth rate, port infrastructure level, and geographical location of these countries, the volume of traffic with these ports is fluctuating. Despite much research on the volatility of port trade volume and changes in port network, this study tries to supplement the gap in a more detailed study of ports in Korea and East Asia since these kinds of studies are limited. The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of distribution routes of export container cargo among ports in Korea and to present policy and practical implications of Korean trading companies, shipping companies, logistics companies, and port authorities. This study analyzes the variability of the trade volume between Korea's major ports and Daedong. Results show that Shanghai, Ningbo, Ho Chi Minh, and Haiphong were the most important factors in terms of size and volume increase. In terms of ports, the Busan port is the port responsible for trades with Yantai, Weihai, Hakata, Kobe, Ho Chi Minh, and Haiphong; Incheon port deals with Lianyungang, Tianjin, Osaka, Kobe, Ho Chi Minh, Haiphong; Gwangyang port trades with Tianjinxingang, Weihai, Yokohama, Mihn and Tanjong, and Ulsan port is strategically important for the Yantai, Lianyungang, Nagoya, Kobe, Ho Chi Minh and Portkelang ports. Therefore, the Korean government, port authorities, and shipping and logistics companies need to strengthen logistic network cooperation with these ports and actively promote investments in them.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.659-665
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• 2008

This thesis describes the key elements for efficient customs clearance system which can facilitate flow of maritime container cargo in the pier area of Busan port, on the basis of considering great changes on international trade environment, development of customs clearance system, variation of commercial container traffic, and diverse views originated from field experience in the distribution industry. To facilitate the flow of maritime containers, reform plan of bonded-transportation and import declaration is proposed to relieve the customs restriction during the days from discharging cargos to taking them into bonded warehouse. Also, various plans to strengthen maritime security, such as customs exam of high-risk export cargos in loading port, pre-declaration of transit container replacement, container tracing system, are proposed to improve Busan port's competitiveness in safety.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

In this study, the domestic supply & demand of the raw materials of 35 rare metals was analyzed categorized as four types - ores, metals, compounds and scraps. Foreign trade volumes of the raw materials of rare metals have been steadily increased, furthermore, recently trade growth rate highly exceeds GDP. The raw materials of rare metals - silicon, nickel, molybdenum, manganese, etc. - for steel industry were the most big part of the raw materials of rare metals trade, while the raw materials of rare metals for electronics industry were imported relatively small volumes less than $100 million. However systematic supply & demand management on the raw materials of rare metals for electronics industry is needed since recently growth rate per year has been remarkably high over 20%. Import volumes were about three times bigger than export scale, and most of the raw materials of rare metals were traded as a metal form.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.210-210
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• 2018

효과적인 물 사용과 물 관리 정책을 수립하기 위해서는 산업적 차원에서의 물 발자국 연구를 통해 산업 전반적인 수자원 활용 상황을 비교 분석할 필요가 있다. 또한 앞으로 국가 차원의 물 안보 정책을 수립하기 위해서는 기후변화와 국제환경 변화로 인해 우리나라의 물발자국 변화를 예측하는 것이 필수적이다. 국외에서는 일찍이 물과 환경전문 교육기관인 UNESCO-IHE를 중심으로 물발자국 산정방식의 이론적 연구와 함께 가상수 무역에 대한 연구를 진행해왔으며, 국제표준화기구(International Organization for Standardization, 이하 ISO)는 2014년 물발자국에 대한 가이드라인을 국제표준으로 지정하였다. 국내에서는 2009년 가상수와 물발자국에 대한 이론이 소개되어 공공기관의 주도로 가상수 및 물발자국과 관련된 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 데이터베이스를 구축하기도 하였으나 1차 산업 위주로 구성되어 있어 2차, 3차 산업 등 다른 산업에 대한 정보는 부족한 상태이다. 따라서 앞으로는 2차, 3차 산업 등에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 국제 가상수 거래의 도출을 위한 기초자료로서 WIOD의 input-output tables와 environmental accounts 등을 활용하였다. 본 연구에서는 생산량, 물사용량과 관련된 지표를 결합하여 가상수량을 도출하는 과정을 제시하고, 가상수 이동흐름 및 추이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 주요 16개국(아르헨티나, 호주, 브라질, 캐나다, 중국, 프랑스, 독일, 인도, 일본, 한국, 러시아, 사우디아라비아, 태국, 미국, 베트남)의 농축산물 주요 10개 품목(쌀, 보리, 옥수수, 밀, 콩, 감자, 채소, 소고기, 돼지고기, 계란)을 대상으로 분석을 실시했다. 또한 국가별 가상수 교역량, 국가 간 가상수 교역량에 대한 1989년부터 2014년까지의 데이터셋을 구축하고 이에 대해 분석을 수행하였다. 가상수 교역의 품목별 분석결과 주요 16개국의 주요 가상수 수입 품목은 콩, 옥수수, 밀, 보리 순이며, 주요 가상수 수출 품목은 밀, 콩, 옥수수, 쌀 순으로 파악되었다. 가상수의 종류별로 분석한 결과 가상수 교역량은 지난 25년간 녹색 가상수가 94%의 압도적으로 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. 국가별로 가상수 수출입량을 분석한 결과 1989년에서 2013년까지 미국, 브라질, 아르헨티나, 호주 등 주요 농업 국가들이 전 세계 가상수 수출에서 우위를 점하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.457-475
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze market competitiveness of Korean precision instrument parts in the chinese market. Korea-China trade has made rapid progress since establish diplomatic relations in 1992 and China become biggest trading partner of Korea in the present. For attaining the purpose of study, we collected related statistical data and used market comparative advantage index. From this analysis, following results were found. There are no items have competitiveness in the chinese market until the present time. However, item code 26041, 26034, 26022 are bound to be secure competitiveness in the chinese market in the near future and item code 26022 will emerge especially strategic item in the chinese market.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.274-290
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• 2019

This article links the change in regional manufacturing employment in Korea after the financial crisis to the geography of technological and trade shocks. We conceptualize the trade shock as the rapid growth in Korean imports from and exports to China and ASEAN countries. We then measure the exposure to technological shocks as the degree to which regions are specialized in routine tasks, which are susceptible to automation technologies. Results show that local labor markets specialized in routine tasks experience significant falls in manufacturing employment. Regions whose industrial structure exposes them to rising import competition experience sharp drop in manufacturing employment. We also found that export plays a major role in explaining the growth of regional manufacturing employment.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-113
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• 1991

Korea's rapid economic growth of the past thirty years was led by extremely fast export growth under extensive government intervention. Until very recently, the political regimes were authoritarian and oppressed human rights and labor movements. Because of these characteristics, many inside and outside Korea are under the impression that the rapid economic growth was made possible by the government's relentless push for export growth through industrial targetjng. Whether or not the government intervention was pivotal in Korean economic growth is an important issue because of its normative implications on the role of government and the degree of economic policy intervention in a market economy. A good example of industrial targeting policy in Korea is the "Heavy and Chemical Industry (HCI)" policy, which began in the early 1970s and lasted for one decade. Under the HCI policy the government intervened in resource allocation through preferential tax, trade, and credit and interest rate policies for "key industries" which included iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, shipbuilding, general machinery, chemicals, and electronics. This paper investigates the effects of. the HCI policy on the efficiency of capital and the export competitiveness of manufacturing industries. For individual three-digit KSIC (Korea Standard Industrial Classification) industries and for two industry groups, one favored by HCI Policy and the other not, this paper: (1) computes capital intensities and discusses the impact of the HCI policy on the changes in the intensities over time, (2) estimates the capital efficiencies and examines them on the basis of optimal condition of resource allocation, and (3) compares the Korean and Taiwanese shares of total imports by the OECD countries as a way of weighing the effects of the policy on the industries' export competitiveness. Taiwan is a good reference, as it did not adopt the kind of industrial targeting policy that Korea did, while the Taiwanese and Korean economies share similar characteristics. In the 1973-78 period, the capital intensity rose rapidly for the "HC Group" the group of industries favored by the policy, while it first declined and later showed an anemic rise for the "Light Group," the remaining manufacturing industries. Capital efficiency was much lower in the HC Group than in the Light Group, at least until the late 1970s. This paper acribes these results to excess investments in the favored industries and concludes that growth could have been faster in the absence of the HCI policy. The Korean Light Group's share in total imports by the OECD was larger than that of its Taiwanese counterpart but has become much smaller since 1978. For the HC Group Korea's market share was smaller than Taiwan's and has declined even more since the mid-1970s. This weakening in the export competitiveness of Korea's industries relative to Taiwan's lasted until the mid-1980s. This paper concludes that the HCI policy had either no positive effect on the competitiveness of the Korean manufacturing industries or negative effects.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.519-547
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• 2004

This paper analyze problems about scope of specific trade obligations(STOs), principle of dispute settlement procedure, and non-parties in context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety(POB), which based on sub-paragraph 31(i) of DDA WTO Ministrial Declaration. The implications based on result of this study are as follows. First, to accept the wider scope of STOs under POB in Korea, importing country, won't be harmful to LMOs and Bioindustry. Instead, it will ensure a high level of biosafety concerning the import of LMOs. Exporters can take different kinds of trade measures to countervail adverse effect on the export of LMOs in this case. Therefore importer will endure the aftereffect. However, if korea were in exporter's place, to accept the wider scope STOs under POB will not have a good influence on the export of LMOs. Korea, therefore, should devise scheme for responding to debate about the STOs in MEAs, which have to be based on cost-benefit analysis and scenarios taking into account of speed and level in biotechology progress, status and trend of LMOs R&D and production, and condition of other industries. Second, it is not easy to agree with applying to what's rule between the POB and WTO for settlement dispute. Because there is the incompatibility between the POB characterized according to social rationality and WTO's rules for safety and environmental protection characterized according to scientific rationality. This issue have to be discussed for long period due to gap like that. Accordingly Korea, one of major LMOs importing countries, should suggest continuously that the effort is needed to ensure an adequate level of protection in transboundary movements of LMOs and scientific, environmental and socio-economic study. Third, in case of dispute between party and non-party of the POB, the duties under the WTO of non-party of the POB(if WTO member country) is valid. The country, therefore, will try to settle dispute based on WTO's rules. However, international society have to ensure for sound and safe use of LMOs in the field of transboundary movements. Accordingly Korea should devise scheme for preventing the possibility of dispute between party and non-party of the POB(if WTO member country), which is supported by policy options under the POB.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.289-310
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• 2013

In the past, an policy measures for the promotion of the export has actively used trade finance, but also in its effect there is no doubt. However, in 2008 the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers triggered the global financial crisis. As a result, the need to effectively manage liquidity risk posed, and was a debut for Basel III. Focusing on trade finance banks are being made. Domestic commercial banks have not been able not utilize various trade finance techniques. In these situations, the introduction of Basel III can discourage trade finance. Therefore, responses should be prepared for it. Therefore, this study analyzes the status of trade finance system. And international regulation of the financial market are investigated for changes. Based on this, the development direction of Korea's trade finance is proposed.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2012

In Korea, there are increasing concerns on nuclear manpower demand and supply due to construction of domestic nuclear power plants and exporting nuclear power plant. In addition, aging of nuclear manpower is another important concern for stable nuclear manpower demand and supply. A shortage of skilled high-quality human resources resulted in massive retirements of senior workers may seriously undermine Korean nuclear competitiveness. This paper analyzed current state of aging of nuclear manpower based on statistical analysis on Korean nuclear organizations. The data used in this paper is manpower statistics of domestic nuclear organizations surveyed in 2001 and 2010. This paper analyzed trends of manpower change for 10 years and based on these analyses, has reviewed the level of the aging nuclear manpower by surveyed organization and integrated. Finally, this paper suggested to direction of manpower recruitment to cope with aging nuclear manpower and alternatives to find a solution to problems of nuclear manpower demand and supply.