• Title/Summary/Keyword: 수출보증

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Supporting Reality and Support System Improvement for the Small and Medium Size Enterprises (중소기업 지원실태와 지원체계 개선방안)

  • Lee, Jae-Hyun;Ko, Seung-Hee
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.9 no.7
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    • pp.333-341
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    • 2009
  • This study was undertaken for Korean small and medium size enterprises(SME) support policy that conduct to 10 supporting sector. As a result of analysis, this study found out similarity and duplication for SME support policy under the influence of that support system and supporting body had a problem with complexity and multi-function. Therefore, the implication of this study is that typology analysis of supporting reality and support system improvement for the SME

A Study on the Main Clauses of a Shipbuilding Contract and the Relevant Measures on Disputable Issues (선박수출계약의 주요 조항 및 주요 분쟁사항에 대한 대처방안의 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Man
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.54
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    • pp.3-44
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    • 2012
  • Shipbuilding industry is one of the most influential ones in Korea. As shipbuilding industry is labor-intensive, it contributes to enhancing both local economy and national economy. Shipbuilding industry has been downsizing since the end of 2008 due to global financial crisis caused by America's sub-prime mortgage and aggravated by European countries' fiscal deficit. As a large fund is required for a single normal shipbuilding contract, fund raising is one of the most important elements in shipbuilding contract. Shipbuilding contract, requires refund guarantee in order for a buyer to reimburse the progressive payment paid to a builder. The disputes under shipbuilding contracts are mostly settled by arbitration rather than by law suit. English laws and English courts have been preferred for the choice of law as well as for the choice of forum. Due to depreciation of the ship value since the end of 2008, a number of buyers are trying to cancel the contract by raising unjust claim under the contract. Once disputes occurs regarding shipbuilding contract, a large amount of loss is inevitable. In order to mitigate the disputes arising from the shipbuilding contract, careful caution is required in drafting a shipbuilding contract.

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The Range of Guarantee Responsibility by an Issuing Bank of Letter of Guarantee under Mixed Settlement Method (혼합결제방식에서 수입화물선취보증서 발행은행의 보증책임 범위)

  • Lee, Jung-Sun;Kim, Cheol-Ho
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.231-250
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    • 2016
  • The study attempts to consider L/G(Letter of Guarantee) in a different angle, which is internationally used as a way of commercial customs and practices in a case when the consignee wants to receive the goods without the original Bill of Lading, Thus, this study focuses more on verifying the usage of L/G in Mixed Payment System and the range of guarantee responsibility by an issuing bank through case analysis. This case uses a mixed payment method of L/C(Letter of Credit) and T/T(Telegraphic Transfer) in the transaction of goods. The issuing bank of L/C issues L/G with the amount of L/C which is the same as the amount as C/I(Commercial Invoice). However the carrier deliver all goods laden under both L/C and T/T payment with the production of L/G. In this case, because the buyer is unable to pay, the seller makes a claim for damages to the carrier that the carrier delivers the goods to the buyer against L/G. Finally, the judge gives a decision that the issuing bank of L/G should pay the whole amount of the goods. In this case, the main issue of the dispute is the range of guarantee responsibility by the issuing bank of L/G. As a result of the case analysis, the study suggests two counter strategies for smooth utilization in international trade environment. First, in the case of mixed payment system, a seller should issue a commercial invoice separately based on the amount of each settlement plan in order to clarify the liability of guarantee. Second, banks should establish a new form for L/G including a sentence for verifying liabilities of the bank's side in the current form of L/G.

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A Study on the Development of the Export Factoring in UK and US (영미 수출팩토링 제도에 관한 연구 - 한국에의 시사점을 중심으로-)

  • Lee, Oun-Yeong
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.345-366
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    • 2012
  • The country using factoring actively today is England. The history of factoring could throw back to the Middle Ages, but modern factoring was developed in colonial age of the United States and it was known throughout England in 1960s. At the beginning, it performed mercantile agent who works in local area in order to get rid of uncertainty and inconvenience of a distant trade, but it was getting developed into a today's factoring system which focusing more on financial function. The factoring is called 'account receivable financing' in the United States and it is started out as sales agent and getting developed to 'del credere agent' who guarantee the payment. The activities of factors have been expanded to not only consignment sale and payment guarantees but also advance financing service. However, at the end of the 19th century, the direct sales(direct marketing) was expanded by the development of telecommunication and transportation technology, and then the marketing service by factor was degraded, but the collection of payment and advance finance had been maintained until now and developed into today's factoring system. Especially, the establishment of Uniform Commercial Code in 1931 had formed the basis for activating factoring in the United States through preparing a legal basis of factoring. Due to changes of international trade environment, most of commercial bank in Korea have to deal with export factoring as a trade finance service and it is desirable to specialize as a financing for small and medium company.

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Hot Issue - 녹색인증제 시행과 제도 정착을 위한 효율화 방안

  • Kim, Yong-Guk
    • Bulletin of Korea Environmental Preservation Association
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    • s.388
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    • pp.14-17
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    • 2010
  • "저탄소 녹색성장 기본법" 제정('10.1)을 계기로 녹색산업의 민간참여 확대 및 기술 시장 산업의 빠른 성장 유인을 위하여 녹색분야 금융 지원 방안을 목적으로 하는 '녹색인증제'가 지난 4월부터 본격 시작되었다. 녹색인증제는 정부가 녹색기술 또는 녹색사업에 대하여 인증을 해주거나 인증받은 녹색기술을 활용하여 일정 비율 이상의 매출실적이 있는 기업에 대하여 녹색전문기업으로 확인해 주는 새로운 제도이다. 녹색기술 보유 기업을 대상으로 자금 R&D 수출 마케팅 등 지원을 강화하고 정책자금 융자, 기술평가 보증 우대를 해주며, 녹색펀드 등에 투자하는 기업 또는 일반인에게 세제혜택을 주자는 취지다. 아직은 제도 시행 초기단계에 불과하지만 많은 녹색기술 보유 업체들로부터 관심이 커지고 있는 만큼 기존 인증제도와 변별력을 갖춘 차별화되고 실효성있는 추진을 기대한다.

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Recently review of precision instrument (정밀계측기의 최근 동향)

  • 한응교
    • Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.3-8
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    • 1987
  • 자연과학은 계측기술의 발전과 함께 진전하고 있다고 보아도 된다. 여러 가지 자연현상을 정상 적이 아닌 정량적으로 엄밀하고도 정확하게 잡아냄으로서 비로소 한 사물과 다른 사물과의 관련 성과 인과관계를 적절하고도 확실하게 이해할 수가 있다. 최근 전자공학의 발달로 어제의 정밀 계측기와 오늘의 정밀계측기의 성능이나 면모가 일신되어 그 변화발전의 속도가 다른 분야보다 훨씬 앞지르고 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 특히 사물을 정상적으로 인식하는 패턴(pattern)과 같은 인식기술 또한 첨단계측기술이라 하겠으나, 이는 목적에 따라서는 일반적으로 불충분하며 수치로써 표현됨으로써 비로서 보편적이고도 타탕성이 있다고 보게되며, 적합하고도 확실한 정 보를 입수하며 지식을 잘 다듬음으로써 비로서 다른 사물에 잘 응용할 수가 있는 것이다. 여러 가지 공업적인 기술에 있어서 이 계측은 모든 것의 기초가 되며 계측기의 발달은 바로 그 분야의 문제해결과 적결되어서, 그 분야의 학문과 기술을 보다 한발 전진시켜주는 요인이 된다고 보아서 앞으로의 정밀계측기의 개발연구는 더울 중요성이 높게 평가되야만 한다고 생각한다. 따라서 자동차공업은 하나의 종합된 정밀기계공업이라고 볼 수 있으며 매년 우리나라 자동차생산은 증 대일락에 있고 그 수출량 또한 증가되어 품질보증은 그 어느때보다도 요구되고 있어, 과학의 기초인 계측에 관해 기초개명에서부터 최근의 정밀계측시스템에 대해서 살펴보고자 한다.

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The Prediction of Export Credit Guarantee Accident using Machine Learning (기계학습을 이용한 수출신용보증 사고예측)

  • Cho, Jaeyoung;Joo, Jihwan;Han, Ingoo
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.83-102
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    • 2021
  • The government recently announced various policies for developing big-data and artificial intelligence fields to provide a great opportunity to the public with respect to disclosure of high-quality data within public institutions. KSURE(Korea Trade Insurance Corporation) is a major public institution for financial policy in Korea, and thus the company is strongly committed to backing export companies with various systems. Nevertheless, there are still fewer cases of realized business model based on big-data analyses. In this situation, this paper aims to develop a new business model which can be applied to an ex-ante prediction for the likelihood of the insurance accident of credit guarantee. We utilize internal data from KSURE which supports export companies in Korea and apply machine learning models. Then, we conduct performance comparison among the predictive models including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and DNN(Deep Neural Network). For decades, many researchers have tried to find better models which can help to predict bankruptcy since the ex-ante prediction is crucial for corporate managers, investors, creditors, and other stakeholders. The development of the prediction for financial distress or bankruptcy was originated from Smith(1930), Fitzpatrick(1932), or Merwin(1942). One of the most famous models is the Altman's Z-score model(Altman, 1968) which was based on the multiple discriminant analysis. This model is widely used in both research and practice by this time. The author suggests the score model that utilizes five key financial ratios to predict the probability of bankruptcy in the next two years. Ohlson(1980) introduces logit model to complement some limitations of previous models. Furthermore, Elmer and Borowski(1988) develop and examine a rule-based, automated system which conducts the financial analysis of savings and loans. Since the 1980s, researchers in Korea have started to examine analyses on the prediction of financial distress or bankruptcy. Kim(1987) analyzes financial ratios and develops the prediction model. Also, Han et al.(1995, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2005, 2006) construct the prediction model using various techniques including artificial neural network. Yang(1996) introduces multiple discriminant analysis and logit model. Besides, Kim and Kim(2001) utilize artificial neural network techniques for ex-ante prediction of insolvent enterprises. After that, many scholars have been trying to predict financial distress or bankruptcy more precisely based on diverse models such as Random Forest or SVM. One major distinction of our research from the previous research is that we focus on examining the predicted probability of default for each sample case, not only on investigating the classification accuracy of each model for the entire sample. Most predictive models in this paper show that the level of the accuracy of classification is about 70% based on the entire sample. To be specific, LightGBM model shows the highest accuracy of 71.1% and Logit model indicates the lowest accuracy of 69%. However, we confirm that there are open to multiple interpretations. In the context of the business, we have to put more emphasis on efforts to minimize type 2 error which causes more harmful operating losses for the guaranty company. Thus, we also compare the classification accuracy by splitting predicted probability of the default into ten equal intervals. When we examine the classification accuracy for each interval, Logit model has the highest accuracy of 100% for 0~10% of the predicted probability of the default, however, Logit model has a relatively lower accuracy of 61.5% for 90~100% of the predicted probability of the default. On the other hand, Random Forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and DNN indicate more desirable results since they indicate a higher level of accuracy for both 0~10% and 90~100% of the predicted probability of the default but have a lower level of accuracy around 50% of the predicted probability of the default. When it comes to the distribution of samples for each predicted probability of the default, both LightGBM and XGBoost models have a relatively large number of samples for both 0~10% and 90~100% of the predicted probability of the default. Although Random Forest model has an advantage with regard to the perspective of classification accuracy with small number of cases, LightGBM or XGBoost could become a more desirable model since they classify large number of cases into the two extreme intervals of the predicted probability of the default, even allowing for their relatively low classification accuracy. Considering the importance of type 2 error and total prediction accuracy, XGBoost and DNN show superior performance. Next, Random Forest and LightGBM show good results, but logistic regression shows the worst performance. However, each predictive model has a comparative advantage in terms of various evaluation standards. For instance, Random Forest model shows almost 100% accuracy for samples which are expected to have a high level of the probability of default. Collectively, we can construct more comprehensive ensemble models which contain multiple classification machine learning models and conduct majority voting for maximizing its overall performance.

A Study on Export Bond Insurance as a Security for Independent Bank Guarantee in International Transactions (국제거래에서 독립적 은행보증서에 대한 담보장치로서의 수출보증보험에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Sang-Man
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.39
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    • pp.59-85
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    • 2008
  • An independent bank guarantee(aka an independent guarantee) is provided as an security on a principal obligor's performance of his obligation, and a guarantor should pay the guaranteed amount only upon a beneficiary's written demand. A standby letter of credit has been used in the United States, since it was construed that a bank should not issue a guarantee. There was wide misunderstanding that a standby letter of credit differs from an independent bank guarantee. However, a standby letter of credit is the same security as an independent bank guarantee, and in international business a standby letter of credit is not differentiated from a independent bank guarantee. An independent bank guarantee are independent from the underlying contract, unconditional, and irrevocable. And a guarantor should pay upon written demand without proving a principal obligor breaches the underlying contract. These features of an independent bank guarantee has been abused in international transactions. Thus it has been proposed that some exceptions to the features of an independent bank guarantee should be allowed. United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letter of Credit(1995) stipulates some exceptions to payment obligation. Export bond insurance, a part of export insurances, operated by the Korea Export Insurance Corporation under the Export Insurance Act, is used as a security for unfair calling by a beneficiary under an independent bank guarantee. Most of the export subsides by the government are prohibited under WTO's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. However, as export insurance is allowed under the WTO, it operates a significant role in enhancing the export. In the event that export bond insurance is provided for a guarantor, an obligor who is subject to recourse by a guarantor, can be exempt from the recourse in case of unfair calling. The Korea Export Insurance Corporation, an insurer, bears unfair calling risk by a beneficiary. Generally it is understood that a demand shall be made before the expiry of an independent bank guarantee. However this is not absolutely true, it shall be decided by URDG, ISP98, the governing law.

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A Study on Risk Analysis and Relevant Measures for the Successful Performance in Overseas Construction Projects - Including Case Analysis on A Overseas Construction Project - (해외건설 프로젝트의 성공적 수행을 위한 위험요소 및 대처방안에 대한 연구 - 해외건설 사례분석을 포함하여 -)

  • Kim, Sang-Man
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.50
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    • pp.215-250
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    • 2011
  • Korean won overseas construction projects worth 71.6 billion US Dollars in 2010, which exceeded that of 2009 by 45.6%. An overseas construction project is a transaction of large scale, long term project, many parties participating, deferred payment, and of high-technology. It contributes to foreign currency earning, and also leads the nation's export restructuring work towards high value-added one. There are various kinds of risks towards the relevant parties respectively, which are key elements in successfully performing the overseas construction project. There are completion risk, financing risk, operating risk, revenue risk etc, in an employer's place. A contractor may be confronted with payment risk, issuance risk of performance bond, financing risk, performance risk of sub-contractors, and exchange rate risk. In lenders place there are repayment risk, completion risk, and political risk in the host country. In order to mitigate risks, the parties shall take relevant measures or require relevant securities. A contractor needs to evaluate the credibility of an employer in respect of payment risk, and can also request export insurance cover by the Korea Trade Insurance Corporation(the former 'Korea Export Insurance Corporation"). An employer can require a contractor to provide performance bond in respect of completion risk, and employ a well-known first class bank as a mandated arranger to arrange financing with regard to completion risk. Lenders needs to evaluate the credibility of an employer and accomplish feasibility study of the project. Lenders can request insurance cover from export credit agency. Once the parties assess the respective risks and obtain relevant securities, the project will be successfully completed. The success of the project will be sure to bring the parties involved enormous profits and another opportunity to participate in overseas construction project afterwards.

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정책자금정보 - 2013년도 중소기업 정책자금 지원 안내

  • 한국광학기기협회
    • The Optical Journal
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    • s.143
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    • pp.78-85
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    • 2013
  • 올해 중소기업 정책자금 지원규모는 3조 8500억 원으로 지난해 3조 3330억 원에서 15.5% 증가한다. 중소기업청과 중소기업진흥공단은 정책자금의 우선순위를 일자리 창출에 두고 민간금융기관을 통해 자금 조달이 어려운 창업자와 기술개발기업에 전체 정책자금의 40.3%인 1조 5500억 원을 배분한다. 이에 창업기업지원자금이 지난해보다 200억 원, 개발기술사업화자금이 420억 원 늘어나며, 정책자금을 지원받은 기업이 일자리를 1명씩 늘릴 때마다 0.1%포인트씩 최대 1%포인트까지 금리를 인하해 일자리 창출 효과를 극대화 한다는 계획이다. 또한 중진공을 통한 직접 대출 비중이 기존 55%에서 70%로 확대되며, 개발기술사업화자금, 수출금융, 소공인 특화자금은 전액 직접대출로 운영되고 운전자금에 대한 보증서부 대출은 폐지된다. 반면 신용대출 규모는 20% 늘어나 중소기업의 담보 부담이 줄어들 전망이다. 변화하는 산업 구조에 맞춰 정책자금 구조도 바뀐다. 담보력이 부족한 창업 및 소기업의 자금 지원을 위해 기계기구, 재고자산, 매출채권의 담보 인정비율을 높인다. 하반기 중에는 지식재산권 담보대출이 새로 도입된다. 별도의 기술가치 평가 모형을 통해 특허기술의 경제적 가치를 평가하고 특허권을 담보로 대출을 시행한다. 자세한 사항 및 정책자금 신청 희망기업은 중소기업진흥공단 홈페이지(www.sbc.or.kr) '정책자금 융자도우미'를 통해 신청요건 및 추천자금 등을 자가진단 후 신청하면 된다.

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