• Journal of Life Science
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.841-848
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• 2018

The flavonoid content and antioxidant effects of extracts from Stachys sieboldii Miq. and Lycopus lucidus Turcz were compared. The flavonoid content of the acetone + methylene chloride (A+M) extract of L. lucidus Turcz was 233.2 mg/g, suggesting that the extract was greater than that of S. sieboldii Miq. In the DPPH assay and the A+M and methanol (MeOH) extracts from L. lucidus Turcz had greater scavenging effects than those of S. sieboldii Miq. (p<0.05). The A+M extract from L. lucidus Turcz (0.5 mg/ml concentration) had an 82% scavenging effect in the DPPH assay. In the ABTS assay, A+M extracts from both S. sieboldii Miq. and L. lucidus Turcz (0.5 mg/ml concentration) had scavenging effects of 90% and 88%, respectively (p<0.05), suggesting that both A+M extracts had greater scavenging effects than those of both MeOH extracts. In a 120 min ROS production assay, all tested extracts dose-dependently decreased the cellular ROS production that was induced by $H_2O_2$, as compared to those produced by exposure to the extract-free control. The A+M extracts from both S. sieboldii Miq. and L. lucidus Turcz had greater inhibitory effects on cellular ROS production than those of both MeOH extracts at all concentrations tested. Treatment with the A+M extracts from S. sieboldii Miq. and L. lucidus Turcz (0.25 mg/ml concentration) inhibited the cellular ROS production by 60% and 86%, respectively. These results suggest that the A+M extracts of Stachys sieboldii Miq. and L. lucidus Turcz inhibit cellular oxidation and may contain valuable bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2008

Glutathione is a well known chemotherapeutic agent for liver disease and is a popular nutritional supplement in the United States. Previous our studies reported the suppressive effects of glutathione-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 strain (FF-8GY) on carbon tetrachloride- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of FF-8GY and commercially available glutathione-enriched yeast extract (GYE) against the oxidative stress in alcohol-induced fatty liver of rats. The lipid peroxidative index (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) and antioxidant status (reduced glutathione level) were used to monitor those protective roles of FF-8GY or GYE treatment. When the rat was treated alcohol, the TBARS levels in the whole liver and the subfractions of microsomal and mitochondria were significantly increased but these were significantly decreased by FF-8GY treatment and tended to be lowered by GYE treatment. The concentration of hepatic glutathione is known to be closely associated with antioxidant system and this was slightly deplete in the alcohol-induced rats, but this was recovered by treating with FF-8GY. However, the glutathione concentration was more significantly decreased in the GYE supplementation in alcohol feeding rats. Alcohol treatment also negatively affected the serum total protein and albumin, but these were significantly increased near normal levels in FF-8GY coadministered rats. These results suggest that glutathione-enriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 strain may have positively mediate the alcohol-induced oxidative stress, and this effect was more pronounced in FF-8GY compared to GYE.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2006

FS11052, a novel microbial metabolite from Streptomyces spp. was identified as a small molecular substance and shown inhibition activities for the release of neurotransmitter from rat hippocampal neuron and PC12 cells. FS11052 is an inhibitor of tritiated norepinephrine ($[^3H]-NE$) release in high $K^+$ buffer solution containing ionomycin, indicating that FS11052 inhibits neurotransmitter release after the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ ions. When examined the effect of FS11052 on glucuronidase release from guinea pig neutrophils, FS11052 inhibited glucuronidase release: when treated with $5{\mu}g/ml$ of FS11052, which was not induced cellular cytotoxicity. The fact that the glucuronidase release in neutrophil and norepinephrine release in neuron was inhibited suggests the similarity in the locations and the mechanisms of FS11052 action targets. When treated with $5{\mu}g/ml$ of FS11052, $[^3H]-NE$ release and neurite extension for both rat hippocampal neurons and PC12 cells were prevented. These observations of FS11052 functioning as an inhibitor of neurotransmitter release suggest that FS11052 has an important role in synaptic transmission in neuron.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2006

In order to establish highly efficient gene transfer condition at early stage of soybean transformation, various experiments were performed and compared their efficiencies by transient GUS analysis; those conditions are genotype determination of Korean soybean cultivars for amenability to Agro-infection, appropriate agar and selective agent concentration, orientation of explant placement, hormone pre-culture, and liquid selection condition. In the genotype screen of Korean soybean varieties, 14 amenable genotypes were selected. For efficient Agrobacterium washing, cefotaxime was chosen and hygromycin at the concentration of 10 and 15 ppm was used as selection agent in the media. Agar concentration was slightly better in 0.6% and 0.8% for both shoot and callus formation, and explant placement with adaxial side down showed high frequency of GUS expression. For wounding treatment, oriental needle was efficient than scalpel for shoot formation and gene transfer. To increase the frequency of gene transfer, hormone pre-treatment was applied. BA at the concentration of 5 and 10 ppm resulted in better survival at the late stage of selection in shoot elongation media. Selection in liquid media after hormone pre-treatment seemed to be effective to remove the escaped non-transformants at early stage of procedure. Considering the results obtained, Eunhakong could be the first choice as a material for soybean transformation among Korean soybean genotypes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 1982

Kinetic study for the thermal degradation of ginsenosides in ginseng extract was conducted. The results indicate that the thermal degradation followed first order kinetics and rate constants varied substantially depending on the types of ginsenosides and heat treatment temperatures. Activation energy calculated by Arrhenius plots ranged from 16.80 kcal/mole to 30.10 kcal/mole and $Q_{10}$ values ranged from 2.01 to 3.49. Correlation coefficients between the change of ginsenoside contents by thermal degradation and heat treatment temperature were $0.995{\sim}0.999$. The dependence on temperatures of the decomposition rate constant of total ginsenoside can be expressed as $k=4.574{\times}10^8$ exp(8898.8/T).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.387-393
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• 1978

Lipid oxidation is one of the major factors affecting on deterioration of nutritional quality in dried fish products. In this paper, the relationship between oxidized products of lipid and brown pigments, free amino acids and available lysine during the storage of dried sea eel, Muraesox cinereus, was investigated. And the inhibiting effect of antioxidant to lipid oxidation and its role to the protein quality were also discussed. From the results, TBA and carbonyl value rapidly increased while amino-N and available lysine diminished during hot air drying. This suggests that drying conditions greatly affected to the oxidation of lipid and making amino acids 'unavailable'. TBA value increased up to 20 days, and hereafter gradually diminished. Increase in TBA and carbonyl value and formation of fat oxidative brown pigment were closely related to the loss of free amino-N and available lysine. The loss of available lysine seemed to be affected by the formation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds rather than saturated carbonyl compounds. By the treatment of antioxidant, the loss of amino acids and available lysine was somewhat retarded. This may suggests that the oxidation of lipid or oxidative browning reactions are functioning to the loss of available lysine. In antioxidant treated sample, 23% of amino-N to the total amino-N in the fresh sample was lost after 20 days storage at $30^{\circ}C$ while the loss of amino-N to 39% in case of the control, and afterward the value treated to be slightly reduced or remained steady.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• 제11권
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• pp.201-220
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• 2007

From two viewpoints the writer investigated the beauty of space by overall arrangement and composition of a picture in Oriental painting. In particular, she examined the expanded representation and significance of space use which had not properly been recognized in the field of a colored picture contrary to a painting in India ink. She studied that the boundary for the representation and appreciation of space was unlimited to one field of painting by studying and analyzing it in connection with other fields of art which had something in common with it in techniques or languages of representation. The writer considered the aspects of similar forms and spirits as the methods of understanding and representing the essence of an object in creating a work. She generally considered the aspect of perfecting knowledge by studying the principle of an actual thing for the representation of revealed forms corresponding to the aspect of similar forms, and tried to reach the stage of 'materialization' united with the spirit of the subject of creation for the formless forms corresponding to the aspect of representing an artist's inner world as well as the external shapes of things. She tried to reach the stage of spiritual cultivation in pursuit of the boundary between 'mental vanity' and 'sitting quietly and attaining the state of perfect selflessness', which were presented by Chuang-tzu, to express the spirituality internal to it. She recognized that the projection of the cultivation on a work could convey internal essence as well as external forms to a picture. It was because the image of the form represented in a picture was based on the aesthetic experience got from realty. In the concept of space and a method of representing it, she explored and analyzed the basic concept of space, arranged the concept of space shown in Oriental ideas dividing it into the concepts of space in Confucianism, Taoism and the Zen sect. What she felt acutely through this study was that she should establish the identity of her work by succeeding to, changing and re-creating tradition based on the historical heritage left by successive excellent painters and theorists. Putting together all these things showed that establishing the identity in the world of work pursued and oriented by her required searching the direction in future works by mixing tradition with modern times in a creative way, which is just the purpose of study in this thesis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

As the causative agent of Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis causes an acute fatal disease in herbivores such as cattle, sheep, and horses as well as humans. The therapeutics and prevention of anthrax currently available are based on antibiotics and the live attenuated vaccine strains, which may be problematic due to the emergency of antibiotic resistant strains or residual virulence in those vaccine strains. Therefore, it has been required to develop novel therapeutics and vaccines which are safer and applicable to humans. Recently, the development of the multivalent vaccine targeting both spores and vegetative cells of B. anthracis along with anthrax toxin has been reported. In our attempts to screen potential candidates for those multivalent vaccines, the whole genomic expression library of B. anthracis was constructed in this study. To the end, the partial digests of the genomic DNA from B. anthracis (ATCC 14578) with Sau3AI were ligated with the inducible pET30abc expression vectors, resulting in approximately $1{\times}10^5$ clones in E. coli BL21(DE3). The redundancy test by DNA nucleotide sequencing was performed for the randomly selected 111 clones and found 56 (50.5%) B. anthracis genes, 17 (15.3%) vector sequences, and 38 (34.2%) unknown genes with no sequence homology by BLAST. An inducible expression of the recombinant proteins was confirmed by Western blot. Interestingly, some clones could react with the antiserum against B. anthracis. These results imply that the whole genomic library constructed in this study can be applied for analyzing the immunomes of B. anthracis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.163-170
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• 1995

This study was carried out to compare the acute toxicity(96hr) of 13 chemicals to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and israeli carp (Cyprinus israeli carpio L.) and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in israeli carp exposed to five insecticides (diazinon, malathion, carbofuran, cartap, methomyl). $LC_{50}$ values of acute toxicity of the chemicals to israeli carp were endosulfan 0.0061ppm, captafol 0.041ppm, chlorothalonil 0.073ppm, butachlor 0.48ppm, captan 0.14ppm, carbofuran 1.13ppm, cartap 1.15ppm, diazinon 1.35ppm, nitrofen 3.72ppm, methomyl 4.39ppm, propanil 10.61ppm, malathion 11.78ppm and isoprothiolane 12.81ppm. The acute toxicity of endosulfan 0.0061ppm was 2100 times higher than that of isoprothiolane 12.81ppm. $LC_{50}$ values of acute toxicity of the chemicals to carp were endosulfan 0.0026ppm, captafol 0.062ppm, chlorothalonil 0.078ppm, captan 0.14ppm, and butachlor 0.47ppm, carbofuran 0.52ppm, nitrofen 0.58ppm, diazinon 0.81ppm, cartap 0.82ppm, methomyl 5.03ppm, propanil 10.67ppm, malathion 11.92ppm, and isoprothiolane 13.20ppm. The acute toxicity of endosulfan was 5,000 times higher than that of isoprothiolane. The toxicity of diazinon, carbofuran, cartap, endosulfan, and nitrofen to carp was approximately 2-6 times as high as that to israeli carp, but the toxicity of malathion, methomyl and captafol to israeli carp was slightly higher than that to carp. AchE activity was inhibited by 31% and 52% after 96hr’s exposure of israeli carp to diazinon and malathion respectively. GST activity in israeli carp was significantly induced by methomyl exposure for 96 hr.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1978

A field experiment was conducted on a soil where habitual zinc deficiency has been observed, to investigate the effectiveness of two forms of zinc containing fertilizers: zinc enriched fused phosphate and zinc enriched compound fertilizer. The result of present study is summarized as following. 1. The sail used for the study contained relatively large amount of 1N $CH_2COONH_4$ extractable Ca and the pH was 7.03. Available Zn extracted by 0.1 HCl and available $SiO_2$ extracted by NaOAc were 3.35 ppm and 67.7 ppm respectively. 2. In control plots Zinc content of rice plant measured at 20 days after transplanting was 22-23 ppm, which was a little higher than the critical level (20ppm). But at harvesting stage it dropped to 15ppm. 3. The ratios of $P_2O_5/Zn$ and N/Zn tended to lower as the zinc applied to the soil increased. 4. Application of Zinc clearly increased the number of tillers and plant height as compared to the control. It was also observed that the plots received znic headed and matured earlier compared to the control plots by two weeks. 5. Application of zinc increased all of the yield components and the yield of rice. However, there were no statistical differences in yield and yield components among the forms and levels of zinc fertilizers.