• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.101-127
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• 2014

This study aims to understand how and why each stage of capitalism grows and changes into the new direction in the moment of crisis, based on the systems thinking approach through the causal loop feedback structure. To achieve the research purpose, it classifies the evolution process of the capitalistic economic system into 4 types: Capitalism 1.0(Classical Laissez-Faire Capitalism), 2.0(Revised Capitalism), 3.0(Neo-liberalism), and 4.0(New Capitalism for the Future). This study focuses particularly on by which feedback structure the growth, crisis, and new transition of capitalism could be explained. The main research results are as follows. The intended positive feedback structure caused the growth at each early stage of capitalism. After that time, as a result of the uncontrolled growth, the negative feedback structure controlling its growth operated on the one hand, while the positive feedback structure amplifying the crisis did on the other hand. The study suggests the Resilient Capitalism as the new evolutional direction of Capitalism 4.0. It can contribute to strengthening its resilience by which all the economic players can recover promptly and flexibly from the crises such as the failure of competition and unemployment.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-24
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• 2022

This study was conducted to derive a new model for popular democracy in the modern society. The problem is exacerbated as the original model of democracy, isonomia, has faded and modern democracy is operated as a democracy in which the masses rule. Democracy is exposing a bigger problem due to the economic inequality caused by the majority rule and the capitalist economic system. Popular democracy, in which all the masses are equally qualified as sovereigns, is a structure in which cunning politicians can easily seize power if the voters are not wise. Isonomia is a system in which free people who solve economic problems on their own and have honesty, courage, dedication, sacrifice and sincerity set laws with the same qualifications, and keep the laws themselves, is a system that depends heavily on the conscience and virtue of free people. Modern popular democracy embodies the absolute equality of the sovereign regardless of economic power, but without the spirit of sacrifice and dedication to the community, those who can win popularity by wrapping themselves up as if they are sacrificial and capable people may seize power. This study presents a service-oriented democracy as a system that can maintain the merits of modern popular democracy while embodying the essence of isonomia. The system was implemented focusing on the qualifications for virtue, such as honesty, courage, sacrifice, integrity, etc., fair to all regardless of wealth. Human imperfections have been supplemented by the use of artificial intelligence. The assumption about the nature of the sovereign and public officials' agents was newly established, and the winner-take-allism problem was solved. This study proved that both the philosophy of Isonomia and the merits of Democracy can be realized through service-oriented democracy based on the common principle of humanity and the philosophy of service. Service-oriented democracy can be called revision democracy.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.629-648
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• 2015

This study was to develop new psychological capital scale for high school students attending a technical high school specialized in invention and patent education, and to examine validity and reliability of the new psychological capital scale. Of the 400 high school students attending a technical a technical high school specialized in invention and patent education in a Province, Korea, 388 completed and returned the questionnaires. PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire)-24 items version was modified to measure psychological capital of them. By conducting confirmatory factor analysis, the final 19 items were selected. The Cronbach's alphas of the final version were ranged from .723 to .871. Convergent validity was supported through correlations among the sub-scales of the final version of PCQ, creative intelligence, creativity, and academic efficacy. Criterion-related validity was supported by mean differences on 4 sub-scales of psychological capital (i.e., self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism) between two groups (i.e., prize-winning experiences for invention or academic achievement).

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.95-120
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• 1987

본고(本稿)에서는 최근 북한(北韓)의 대서방(對西方) 합영노력(合營努力) 및 무역확대정책(貿易擴大政策)으로 대변되는 개방화정책(開放化政策)의 현황(現況)과 그 문제점(問題點)에 대하여 살펴보았다. 최근 북한(北韓)의 경제활성화(經濟活性化)를 위한 새로운 움직임은 중공(中共)과 같이 실용주의(實用主義)로서의 수정(修正)이나 사회주의시장경제체제(社會主義市場經濟體制)로의 전환(轉換)이 결코 아니고 경직(硬直)된 북한경제(北韓經濟)의 구조적(構造的) 침체(沈滯)를 타개하기 위한 방편에 불과하다. 즉, 관료적(官僚的) 중앙집권경제운용방식(中央集權經濟運用方式)을 따르는 북한(北韓)의 경우 경제개방(經濟開放)의 선행요건(先行要件)인 사적소유제도(私的所有制度)의 부분적(部分的) 허용(許容)과 경영관리개선(經營管理改善) 등 어느 정도의 시장기능도입(市場機能導入)이 이루어지지 않는 한 서방(西方)과의 합작투자(合作投資)에는 명백한 한계가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 북한(北韓)의 산업(産業)은 대외경쟁(對外競爭)으로부터 보호되어 왔기 때문에 비교우위(比較優位)에 의한 국제적(國際的) 전문화(專門化)를 이룬 경험이 없고 외화부족(外貨不足), 기술낙후(技術落後), 사회간접자본(社會間接資本) 미비(未備) 등 제반 제약요인(制約要因)으로 북한(北韓)의 무역증대(貿易增大)는 크게 기대하기 어렵다.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.75-96
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• 2012

China will replace the global governance of the 21st century in 2050. The rise of China provide the Chinese development model to other developing countries. There are positive element and disability element in China's 'peaceful rise' strategy at the same time. Success of the reform and opening up, market liberalization, economic interdependency, economic globalization, stability of ruling power, consolidation of one-party rule and soft power increase are the promotions of peaceful rise. China's rise as a power nation begins by regaining the superpower status in East Asia. East Asia is a lebensraum assuring a continuing growth to China. For this lebensraum, China shows an interest in institutionalization of regional economic cooperation. The core values of ASEAN, namely the mutual respect, harmonious coexistence, co-prosperity, egalitarianism and pluralism are in conform to China's policy of harmonious world and peaceful coexistence. Through this common value the tension in East Asia will be alleviated. By the regional hegemony strategy based on soft power and economic success, China will try to regain the past glorious position. Attaining status as a coordinator of the world rule will be based on the success of the East Asian strategy. Korea and other neighboring countries will be the best beneficiary countries of the China's rise strategy. China's rising strategy will have a profound effect on neighboring countries especially, Korea. The scale of the movement of goods, labor, and capital between the two countries will become much larger than present. Through regional trade agreements, economic interdependency between Korea and China will increase.

• Archives of design research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.87-103
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• 1993

대량생산을 야기 시킨 산업혁명은 공장주의 재산을 급속도로 부강하게 하는 한편 노동자의 생활 질을 급소도로 저하시켰다. 즉, 노동자들은 기계의 ‘손’역활을 하는 정도로 인격적으로 타락되었으며, 분업작업은 이들로부터 사고력마저 빼앗아 가게되는 실정에 이르렀다. 이익에 눈이 어두어 지게 된 공장주들은 노동임금을 최하로 저하시키고, 노동시설을 비롯해 자본투자를 최소한으로 줄이려는 데서 디자인 질의 격하현상을 초래했다. 즉, 창조적인 디자인 개발 대신에 다른 나라(특히 불란서)의 것을 모방하거나, 기존에 왔던 디자인들을 모방하는데 그치지 않았을 뿐 아니라, 롤러 프린트 사이즈에 맞게 기존된 디자인을 수정하는 작업이 디자이너가 아닌 직공에 의해 이루어지다 보니 그 난잡함은 이루 말 할 수 없을 정도였다. 푸긴과 러스틴은 각자의 작품에 대해 긍지를 지녔던 중세기의 장인제도로 돌아가자고 외쳤고, 러스킨의 아이디어를 철저히 계승받은 윌리암 모리스는 순수예술 못지않는 가치를 장식예술에 부여했으며, 건축이 모든 장식예술의 정점이라고 주장했다. 러스킨과 모리스의 정신을 이어받아 차세대의 건축가/디자이너들은 디자인의 질을 향상시키고, 디자이너의 위치를 화가나 조각가의 위치로 부각시키기 위한 끊임없는 노력을 통해,‘예술/공예 전시협회’를 창설해 오리지널한 장식예술품을 창조하도록 분위기를 조성했을 뿐만 아니라, 강여회와 저서들을 통해 디자이너 자신들과 산업체와 국민들을 교육시켰다. 맥머도, 보이지, 데이, 크레인, 하이테, 버터필드 등은 특히 벽지나 텍 스타일 디자인 등 패턴 디자인 분야에 관심을 보였다. 독창적이고 참신한 이들의 디자인들은 국내의 디자인 질을 향상시켰을 뿐만 아니고, 디자인사의 새 장을 열게끔 한 계기가 되었다.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.11
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• pp.295-317
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• 1998

Environmental accounting identifies and measures environmental costs and provides them to interested parties of corporation. The purposes of this study are as follows: First, it investigates the method of measurement and the timing of recognition of environmental costs. Second, it suggests the method of disclosure of environmental costs. In order to accomplish these objectives, this study reviewed relevant literature and studies in advanced countries and Korea. The main results of this study can be summarized into four points: (1) environmental costs are classified into environmental pollution cost and environmental pollution prevention cost, by considering the sources of occurrence of, the functions of and the types of environmental costs. (2) the methods of measurement of environmental costs are various but they almost all subjective and arbitrary. So an accurate measurement of environmental cost is actually difficult. (3) According to the accrual basis, environmental costs are recognized respective to prior period adjustments, expenses or losses of the current period and the assets of the next period. (4) There are 3 methods of disclosure of environmental costs: an extension model of financial statements, a compromise model, and an original model. An extension model financial statements is easy to apply in business practice because it discloses environmental costs by adding accounts into the framework of a traditional accounting system or supplementary reports. This research can contribute to the establishment of accounting standards for environmental costs in Korea.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.867-876
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• 2015

This study was intended to closely examine an effect that the level of physically challenged person's participation in community sports had on positive psychological capital. In order to accomplish the purpose of study, data on 212 physically challenged persons who lived in B city and participated in community sports were analyzed. Korean version of positive psychological capital created by Taehong Lim (2014) through the reconstruction of scales developed by Luthans, Youssef and Avolio(2007) and Sangwan Jeon and Jonghun Yang's (2009) level of participation in community sports was reconstructed through modification·improvement as measurement instrument. An exploratory factor analysis, reliability test, paired difference test, and multiple regression analysis was carried out by using SPSS 18.0 program for data processing. First, It was shown that there was a significant difference in positive psychological capital according to gender, age, and disability grade among physically challenged persons' socio-demographic characteristics. Second, it was shown that, among sub-variables (period, frequency and intensity) of level of physically challenged persons' participation in community sports, the frequency of participation and the intensity of participation had a significant effect on self efficacy. On the other hand, it was shown that the period of participation didn't have a significant effect. Third, it was shown that the frequency of participation had a significant effect on optimism. On the other hand, it was shown that the period of participation and the intensity of participation didn't have a significant effect. Fourth, it was shown that the frequency of participation and the intensity of participation had a significant effect on hope. On the other hand, it was shown that no significant effect was produced on the period of participation. Fifth, it was shown that the frequency of participation had a significant effect on resilience. On the other hand, it was shown that no significant effect was produced on the period of participation and the intensity of participation. Sixth, it was shown that the frequency of participation and the intensity of participation had a significant effect on positive psychological capital. And it was shown that no significant effect was produced on the period of participation.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.109-142
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• 2018

This paper aims to analyze the Award wage system in Australia for construction workers. Considering low wages and precarious employment situation of construction workers in general, it is of advantage especially for them in Australia. Furthermore, it seems to be instructive for Korean construction workers, who stand in more precarious and unstable situation and furthermore are lack of fair wage and social safety. After strong and longstanding labour struggle in the late 19th century in Australia, it has been established a tripartite institution called as 'tribunal' between trade unions, employers, and the government. Under the highly institutionalized form of industrial relations, it functions as an arbitration and conciliation system between labour and management. The Award wage system stands in the middle point. This Award wage system including various welfare provisions is settled by the tribunal, today renamed as Fair Work Commission. In this wage system should be defined level of minimum wages according to the various skill levels, which are in turn connected with compulsory superannuation and Medicare as well as vocational education and training. Furthermore, it provides especially for the construction workers, who suffer from job instability, so-called 'portable benefits', which relate to long service leave and redundancy pay. Considering general conditions of precarious construction workers in Korea, In that respect, the Australian Award wage system would be very instructive for our social wage and safety system for construction workers.