• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.157-166
• /
• 1981

Laboratory experiements were conducted to evaluate water uptake and osmotic potential of soybean seeds associated with germinability. Bonus, Wayne, Essex and Pickett were selected for this study. Large and small seeds from the four varieties were included in water uptake measurements at $25^{\circ}C$ There were significant differences in water uptake during germination due to seed size and cultivars at optimum moisture condition, -6 and -15 bars soil moisture. As water stress increased, the water uptake of Pickett and Essex were superior to Bonus and Wayne, and small seeds were superior to large seeds. The seed moisture content at germination was 60.8% on a fresh weight basis under optimum moisture condition. The minimum moisture contents necessary for the germination were 50.2% at -6 bars and 50.9% at -15 bars. There were significant differences among varieties in seed osmotic potential during germination, although these differences depended on imbibition time. The average osmotic potential ranged from -32.0 bars after 4 hours imbibition to -11.2 bars at the beginning of germination. The correlation coefficient between seedling length and osmotic potential was not significant after any period of imbibition, suggesting that osmotic potential is not directly associated with seedling growth. However, osmotic potential is closely related to water uptake capacity of soybean seed.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.81-91
• /
• 2021

Synthetic Apreture Radar (SAR) is attracting attentions with its possibility of producing high resolution data that can be used for soil moisture estimation. High resolution soil moisture data enables more specific observation of soil moisture than existing soil moisture products from other satellites. It can also be used for studies of wildfire, landslide, and flood. The SAR based soil moisture estimation should be conducted considering vegetation, which affects backscattering signals from the SAR sensor. In this study, a SAR based soil moisture estimation at regions covered with various vegetation types on the middle area of Korea (Cropland, Grassland, Forest) is conducted. The representative backscattering model, Water Cloud Model (WCM) is used for soil moisture estimation over vegetated areas. Radar Vegetation Index (RVI) and in-situ soil moisture data are used as input factors for the model. Total 6 study areas are selected for 3 vegetation types according to land cover classification with 2 sites per each vegetation type. Soil moisture evaluation result shows that the accuracy of each site stands out in the order of grassland, forest, and cropland. Forested area shows correlation coefficient value higher than 0.5 even with the most dense vegetation, while cropland shows correlation coefficient value lower than 0.3. The proper vegetation and soil moisture conditions for SAR based soil moisture estimation are suggested through the results of the study. Future study, which utilizes additional ancillary vegetation data (vegetation height, vegetation type) is thought to be necessary.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.4A
• /
• pp.373-384
• /
• 2009

For the first step on the quantitative evaluation of shrinkage reduction and differential shrinkage analysis of lightweight aggregate concrete, this study sets the moisture transport model of concrete by pre-absorbed water of porous lightweight aggregates and measured effective moisture diffusion coefficient, moisture capacity, degree of humidity supply and degree of humidity consumption by water binder ratio and aggregate type. The effective moisture diffusion coefficient in steady state caused by humidity difference between inside and outside of concrete had low value as low water-binder ratio. And in case of same water-binder ratio, effective moisture diffusion of mixtures used normal aggregates were lower than those used lightweight aggregates. To determine moisture store capability of concrete - moisture capacity, moisture contents were measured in 9 humidity conditions. As a result moisture contents of mixtures used lightweight aggregates was higher than mixtures used normal aggregates in all humidity conditions. This study measured lightweight aggregates' degree of humidity supply that applicable to normal atmospheric environment (above RH 50%) and made it quantitatively. Also amount of moisture release was set as a exponential function that represents a clear trend proportion to time and inverse proportion to humidity of the surroundings. As the result of measurement about degree of moisture consumption inside concrete following the internal consumption caused by cement hydration self-drying, it was showed that rapid decrease of humidity, around 10%, at early ages (7~10 days) when water-binder ratio is 0.3 and slow decrease around 5% and 1% when water-binder ratio is 0.4 and 0.5.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.427-433
• /
• 2013

This study was designed to examine changes in the physicochemical properties of extruded corn fibers with different amounts of feed moisture (30, 40, and 50%). The screw speed and die temperature were fixed to 200 rpm and $140^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crude ash, fat, and protein in corn fiber decreased from the extrusion process. The insoluble dietary fiber in corn fibers decreased, while soluble dietary fiber increased at a feed moisture of 30%. The specific length of the extruded corn fiber increased while the specific mechanical energy input, density, breaking strength, and elastic modulus decreased. The water absorption index (WAI) and reducing sugar content of the corn fibers did not significantly change, but the water soluble index (WSI) decreased as the feed moisture content of the corn fiber increased. On the other hand, the WAI of de-starched corn fiber decreased while WSI and reducing sugars increased as the feed moisture content of the corn fiber increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2013

This experiment was conducted in order to study the physiological characteristics of Sedum takevimense in different moisture conditions. The photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and the respiratory rate were determined by using a photable photosynthesis system. According to the results, the best illumination range and moisture range were explicitly selected. The highest photosynthetic rate was at $600{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and after this value, the trend showed a reduction. When the moisture was 11.31%, the photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency reached maximum value, but the respiratory rate reached maximum value at 7.91%. According to the measured values, the best illumination range was $600{\sim}1,200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and the best moisture range was 7.09~11.31%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.18-23
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to provide a national forest management method for natural Pinus densiflora forest stands in central South Korea based on growth characteristics and water relations. Average stand volume per hectare was 259.3㎥ in the pine study site. Basal area, volume, annual mean increment and periodic annual increment of DBH for 10 years at each slope aspect appeared to decrease as the aspect shifts from north to south. Stems per hectare showed the lowest value at the northern aspect. Maximum water potentials measured between 12 and 14 o'clock were analyzed by aspect and elevation. Water potential of pine decreased as the aspect changed from north to south, and water potential increased at lower elevations. Soil water content for the pine stands tended to decrease as the aspect shifted from north to south. Water potential and soil moisture content were highly correlated. Soil water deficits indicate that pines have a higher moisture requirement on the ridge and the southern aspect.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2012.05a
• /
• pp.154-154
• /
• 2012

지표에서의 토양수분은 작은 구성비를 가짐에도 불구하고 여러 수문 현상을 연계하는 매우 중요한 인자로써 최근 관련 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 토양수분은 침투나 침루를 통하여 강우와 지하수를 연결하는 기능을 함과 동시에 강우사상에 따른 유출특성에 직접적인 영향을 미치며 증발산을 통하여 에너지 순환을 연결하는 중요한 기능을 한다. 토양수분을 측정하는 방법에는 세타 탐침(Theta Probe), 장력계, TDR(Time Domain Reflectrometry) 등이 이용되고 있으며, 광역 토양수분자료의 보다 정확한 공간 변동성의 관측을 위하여 항공원격탐사와 인공위성 원격탐사기술이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. 인공위성 영상은 자료의 분석이 간편하며, 공간자료이므로 공간 변화를 분석하는 데 있어 매우 편리하다. 그 중 MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 위성영상은 저해상도 영상으로 극궤도 위성인 Terra와 Aqua 위성에 장착되어 있으며, NASA에서 필요한 정보를 받아 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 유역의 물리적 지형자료와 같은 방대한 양의 자료 수집 없이도, 모형이 구축되면 인공위성자료와 강우자료만으로도 신뢰성 높은 결과를 단시간 내에 효율적으로 산정할 수 있는 자료 지향형 모형인 ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System)를 사용하였다. 사용된 퍼지변수로는 시험유역의 토양수분 관측자료와 강수량 및 인공위성 자료인 MODIS NDVI(Normalize Difference Vegetation Index), MODIS LST(Land-Surface Temperature) 영상을 이용하였다. MODIS NDVI는 시간 해상도 8일, 공간해상도 250 인 Level 3 영상이며, MODIS LST는 시간 해상도 1일, 공간해상도 1 km인 Level 3 영상을 사용하였다. 위성자료를 사용하기 위해 Korea TM 좌표체계로 변환한 뒤, 토양수분 관측지점이 속한 각 셀의 속성값을 추출하였다. 위성자료와 수집된 자료 및 토양수분자료와의 관계를 분석하기 위하여 입력자료를 다양한 방법으로 구성하여 입력 변수를 생성하였다. 생성된 입력 변수와 ANFIS 모형을 연계하여 각각의 토양수분 산정모형을 구축하고 대상지점에 대한 토양수분을 산정 및 비교 분석하였다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.117-127
• /
• 1995

In this paper several methods for retriving appropriate values of effective soil moisture contents from natural soil surfaces are introduced and compared each other. The soil medium has usually a nonuniform moisture profile; i.e., relatively dry at the top layer and relatively wet at the bottom layer. The effective soil moisture represents the quantitative value of soil moisture of the inhomogeneous soil medium in an average sense. A simple method is an arithmetic averaging of soil moisture values obtained from several layers of a soil surface. Otherwise, the penetration depths can be computed from a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous soil surfaces and compared in order to obtain the effective soil mosture. The other method is to obtain the effective soil moisture by comparing the reflectivities from both of a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous surfaces. Those methods are compared and the reflectivity technique is examined in more detail since the rader scattering is dominated by the reflectivity instead of the penetration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2023.05a
• /
• pp.375-375
• /
• 2023

본 연구는 농지를 대상으로 토양수분 및 가뭄 현황을 분석하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 토양수분을 파악하기 위해 Terra MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 위성영상기반의 토양수분 산정모형을 개발하였다. 해당 모형은 MODIS LST(Land Surface Temperature) 및 NDVI(Normalized Difference Deficit Index)를 기반으로 SCS-CN(Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number) 방법에서 착안한 수문학적 개념 5일 선행강우 및 무강우일수를 입력자료로 하며, 토양 종류 및 계절에 따른 토양수분의 특성을 고려하였다. 모형의 개발을 위해 MODIS LST 및 NDVI 영상을 2013년부터 2022년까지 각각 일별 및 16일 단위로 구축하였으며, 동 기간에 대해 전국 88개소의 기상청 종관기상관측소의 강수량 및 LST 자료를 수집하였다. MODIS LST는 실측 LST 자료를 활용해 조건부합성기법을 적용하여 상세화하였고, 수집된 강수량자료는 역거리가중법을 활용해 공간 보간을 수행하였다. 토양특성의 구분은 농촌진흥청에서 정밀토양도를 수집하여 활용하였다. 공간 분포된 토양수분에서 농지에 해당하는 토양수분을 추출하기 위해 스마트팜맵을 구축하고, 농지 속성에 해당하는 위치 정보를 조회 후 이를 시군구별로 평균하여 일별 평균 토양수분값을 산정하였다. 토양수분 기반의 가뭄 현황 분석을 위해 구축된 정밀토양도에서 작물 생장과 관련된 영구위조점 및 포장용수량을 활용해 5단계(정상, 관심, 주의, 경계, 심각)의 가뭄 위험도를 산정하였으며, 실제 가뭄 현황과의 비교를 통해 토양수분기반의 가뭄 위험도의 실효성을 검증하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.855-861
• /
• 2005

가뭄은 홍수와는 달리 장기적이고 지속적인 피해를 유발하고, 지역의 경제에 타격을 주며, 생태계 및 환경을 파괴하는 자연재해로서 인간에게 오랫동안 고통을 준다. 이와 같은 가뭄에 대비하고 가뭄을 관리하기 위해 가뭄의 정도를 정량화하고자 하는 연구가 꾸준히 이루어져 왔다. 그 결과 다양한 가뭄지수들이 개발되었으며 이들을 이용해 가뭄감시를 수행하고 있다. 그중 Palmer의 가뭄심도(PDSI)가 가뭄감시와 관리를 위하여 가장 널리 사용되고 있음에도 불구하고, 물순환의 고려없이 기후적인 조건만을 이용하는 단점과 한계성이 여러 학자들에 의해 지적되어 오고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 토양, 토지이용, 기후자료를 입력자료로 하는 분포형 장기유출모형인 SWAT모형을 이용하였다. 즉, SWAT 모형을 이용해 토양수(soil water, SW)를 구정하고, 이로부터 계산된 토양수분결핍을 근거로 토양수분지수(soil moisture index, SMI)를 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 토양수분결핍에 기초한 토양수분지수는 가뭄감시와 관리에 그 적용성 및 활용이 가능하리라 판단된다.