• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4 s.100
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• pp.285-294
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between purification characteristics and hydraulic conditions, and to clarify the basic and essential factors required to be considered in the construction and management of artificial wetland system for the improvement of reservoir water quality. The artificial wetland system was composed of a pumping station and six sequential plants beds with five species of macrophytes: Oenanthe javanica, Acorus calamus, Zizania latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Phragmites australis. The system was operated on free surface-flow system, and operation conditions were $3,444-4,156\; m^3/d$ of inflow rate, 0.5-2.0 hr of HRT, 0.1-0.2 m of water depth, 6.0-9.4 m/d of hydraulic loading, and relatively low nutrients concentration (0.224-2.462 mgN/L, 0.145-0.164 mgP/L) of inflow water. The mean purification efficiencies of TN ranged from 12.1% to 14.3% by showing the highest efficiency at the Phragmites australis bed, and these of TP were 6.3-9.5% by showing the similar ranges of efficiencies among all species. The mean purification efficiencies of SS and Chl-A ranged from 17.4% to 38.5% and from 12.0% to 20.2%, respectively, and the Oenanthe javanica bed showed the highest efficiency with higher concentration of influent than others. The mean purification amount per day of each pollutant were $9.8-4.1\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in BOD, $1.299-2.343\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TN, $0.085-1.821\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in TP, $17.9-111.6\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in SS and $0.011-0.094\;g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in Chl-a. The purification amount per day of TN revealed the hi링hest level at the Zizania latifolia bed, and TP showed at the Acrous calamus bed. SS and Chl-a, as particulate materials, revealed the highest purification amount per day at the Oenanthe javanica bed that was high on the whole parameters. It was estimated that the purification amount per day was increased with the high concentration of influent and shoot density of macrophytes, as was shown in the purification efficiency. Correlation coefficients between purification efficiencies and hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) were 0.016-0.731 of $R^2$ in terms of HRT, and 0.015-0.868 of $R^2$ daily inflow rate. Correlation coefficients of purification amounts per day with hydraulic conditions were 0.173-0.763 of Ra in terms of HRT, and 0.209-0.770 daily inflow rate. Among the correlation coefficients between purification efficiency and hydraulic condition, the percentages of over 0.5 range of $R^2$ were 20% in HRT and in daily inflow rate. However, the percentages of over 0.5 range of correlation coefficients ($R^2$) between purification amount per day and hydraulic conditions were 53% in HRT and 73% in daily inflow rate. The relationships between purificationamount per day and hydraulic condition were more significant than those of purifi-cation efficiency. In this study, high hydraulic conditions (HRT and inflow rate) are not likely to affect significantly the purification efficiency of nutrient. Therefore, the emphasis should be on the purification amounts per day with high hydraulicloadings (HRT and inflow rate) for the improvement of eutrophic reservoir withrelatively low nutrients concentration and large quantity to be treated.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3 s.99
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• pp.152-159
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• 2002

The seasonal variations of nitrifying bacterial population sampled from 3 sites in Moon-Chon reservoir were analyzed by in situ hybridization with fluorescently labeled rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes from August 2000 until July 2001. In addition, physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, chi-a and DOC were measured to determine correlations between those factors and the size of nitrifying bacterial populations. Total bacterial numbers varied in the range of $0.8{\sim}1.5{\times}10^6\;cells/ml$ independent of sites and had the maximal values in March at all 3 stations. The ratio of eubacteria to total bacteria ranged from 44.9% to 79.5%, and the ratio of each nitrifying bacteria to eubacterial numbers reached only $1.0{\sim}7.4%$. The variations of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ranged from $1.1{\times}10^4$ to $3.0{\times}10^4\;cells/ml$ without noticeable peak values whereas those of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria varied in $1.3{\sim}5.7{\times}10^4\;cells/ml$ with the increasing tendency in winter regardless of the sites. Moreover it was observed that the numbers of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria were higher than those of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Total bacterial numbers correlated with water temperature (r = 0.355, p<0.05) and DOC (r = 0.58G, p<0.01) positively whereas nitrite-oxidizing bacteria correlated with temperature (r = -0.416, p<0.05) and pH (r = -0.568, p = 0.001) negatively. In addition, DOC represented good correlations with eubacterial numbers (r = 0.448, p<0.01). These results indicate that temperature, DOC and pH might be one of the main factors affecting variations of bacterial populations in the aquatic ecosystem. It was also suggested that FISH method is a useful tool for detection of slow growing nitrifying bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3 s.99
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• pp.198-212
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• 2002

A numerical variation and abnormalities were studied on egg bags and embryos of Korean salamander, Hynobius leechii from agricultural habitat. The teratogenic and toxic effects of fungicide benomyl were also investigated with early embryos from non-agricultural habitat. We collected 144 egg bags from agricultural region, and 3418 of early embryos were contained. The lengths of egg bags were varied from 10 to 23 cm and the most frequent length was 19 cm. The number of embryos was varied from 7 to 43, and the most frequent range was 22 to 26. Spontaneous abnormalities were occurred in 406 embryos among 116 egg bags, and 24 kinds of external abnormalities were found. Individuals showing severe external defect were histologically studied and they showed optic dyspalsia, thyroid carcinoma, somatic muscular dysplasia, partial biaxial structure, decrease of red blood cells in the heart, cephalic degeneration and intestinal dysplasia. 385 embryos from non-agricultural region were exposed to 200 nM${\sim}$ 1 ${\mu}$M of benomyl at blastula or gastrula for 12 days. All embryo were dead in the concentration of 1 ${\mu}$M (LD$_{100}$) and 75% of embryos were dead in 800nM of benomyl. Speciflc effect due to benomyl was acrania or cephalic dysplasia and this restult suggests that the benomyl inhibit stongly to the development of neural tissue. These abnormal developments may be caused by antimitotic action, inhibition of tubulin complex, destruction of microtubule, inhibitions of neurulation and closing of neural fold, and by the inhibition of the movement of neural crest cells.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.153-158
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• 1999

Uptakes of N and P by Phragmites japonica Steudel. are determined in continuous flow tanks as a function of hydraulic retention time (HRT, days) and nutrient concentration (NC). Results show that the uptake was higher at shorter HRT and higher nutrient concentration, and the regression equations were estimated. Mean above ground biomass of Phragmites japonica in the middle reaches of Sagimak stream was 335.92 g/$m^2$, and estimated uptake by this vegetation were 7.31~20.15 NH$_4$-N, 31.15~95.84 NO$_3$-N, and 4.09~11.48 PO$_4$-P mg/$m^2$/day in Sagimak stream, respectively when HRT was 1~5 days. According to this study, it is concluded that Phragmites japonica Steudel. are suitable for water quality improvement of stream through nutrient uptake at short HRT and high concentration.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.59-69
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• 2004

Constructed wetlands are regarded as an important water treatment system for agricultural water quality improvement and management. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of subsurface flow wetland(SFW), using the Pharagmites australis as macrophytes, and to clarify the basic and essential factors to be considered in the construction and management of constructed wetlands. This study was carried out relatively short hydraulic residence time(HRT), 6hr ~ 72hr (3days), using eutrophic reservoir water with relatively low concentrations of influent and large quantity to be treated. The effluent satisfied the criteria of agricultural water quality. Removal efficiencies of Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), Chemical oxygen demand(COD), Suspended solids(SS) and Chlorophyll a(Chl-a) were high in HRT 24hr, not any more significant increasement of removal efficiencies in HRT 48hr and 72hr. However, removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus increased as HRT increased, showing the highest efficiency at the 72hr of HRT in nitrogen, and 48hr in phosphorous. The SFW was very effective system for reservoir water quality improvement, and had the advantages of the reduction of purchasing cost to land required, lack of odors, and harmful insects, especially mosquito, the improvement of the scenic beauty and minimal risk of public exposure. Therefore, it was evaluated that the SFW was very available water treatment system for the water quality improvement of agricultural reservoir. However, it was need to consider with application of the SFW in high cost of construction and troublesome of management.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.179-179
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• 2022

최근 화두가 되고 있는 환경문제 중 하나로 녹조현상을 꼽을 수 있다. 녹조란 남세균이 대량 증식함으로써 물빛이 녹색으로 변하는 현상으로, 영양염류 및 수온 등 이화학적 요소뿐만 아니라체류시간과 같은 수리학적 요인까지 모두 충족되었을 때 발생한다. 심하면 고밀도의 스컴(scum)을 형성하며 독소와 악취를 동반하기도 한다. 유해 남세균이 생성하는 마이크로시스틴(microcystin, MC)이 함유된 물을 입 또는 코로 섭취시 간을 손상시킨다는 보고가 있으며, 최근 해외에서는 MC가 미세먼지처럼 공기 중에 떠다니다 수변에서 생활하는 사람의 호흡기로 들어가 건강 피해를 줄 수 있다는 연구가 속속 나오고 있다. 본 연구는 우리나라 최초의 수질개선용 댐인 영주댐을 연구 대상으로 삼아 수질 모델링을 구축하고 영주댐 운영에 따른 댐 상·하류 조류 변화를 정량적으로 분석하였다. 조류의 강도를 추정하는데 클로로필-a 농도를 사용하였으며, 분석 도구로는 국립환경과학원이 수질예측 및 평가 시 사용하는 EFDC(Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) 모형을 활용하였다. 대상 구간의 실제 폭, 하상고 분포 등을 고려하여 수표면 격자망을 구현하였으며, 환경부에서 제공하는 수위 및 DO, TN, T-P, 클로로필-a 등을 활용하여 EFDC 모형의 수리 및 수질 재현성 검토를 하였다. 검·보정된 EFDC 모형으로 영주댐의 방류량 변화 및 댐의 개방과 같은 수리학적 요인을 제어하여 특정 지점의 조류 변화를 분석하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.1011-1019
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to examine the basis of design condition of existing treatment processes, namely, Extended Aeration Process, Conventional Activated Process, High Rate Aeration Process and Modified Aeration Process, by clarifying the correlations of influent wastewater concentration, hydraulic retention time, food-to-microorganism ratio and sedimentation of sludge, as well as to ascertain the feasibility of design, regardless of the existing design condition. In particular, this study made a priority investigation of hydraulic retention time and sludge sedimentation, because sludge sedimentation is the main factor$^{1)}$ which determines the operating conditions of existing treatment processes. Therefore, it is generally known that in case exceeds the sphere of design presented for each treatment, sludge bulking may occur. The results of Lesperance's test$^{1)}$, which formed the basis of design, showed the sphere of loading without security of sludge sedimentation, as in Fig. 1. The reason for sludge bulking in a certain condition, as above, is due to failure in application of optimum loading corresponding to each retention time by employing a few operating condition, which proved to be consecutively workable after years of trials and failures by Lesperance, for test conditions. However, the result of this test showed that in case of proper maintenance of loading. sludge sedimentation can be ensured under 120 SVI. Therefore, this study suggested hydraulic retention time and its corresponding optimum loading, and identified the hydraulic retention time as a determinant of sludge sedimentation. And. on the basis of these findings, this study suggested the feasiblity of UHR(Ultra High Rate), a new operating process, exceeding several times the applicable loading value of High Rate Aeration Process under one hour retention time which has not yet applied to the existing treatment processes.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.443-446
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• 2005

Hydrogen fermentation from food waste was attempted at different hydraulic retention time(HRT, 18-42 h). A continuous reactor fed with ground, alkali-treated and diluted food waste(average VS 4.4%) exhibited stable hydrogen production during 126 days. Hydrogen production depended on HRT, resulting in the maximum values of 25.8 mL $H_2/g\;VS_{added}$, 0.36 mol $H_2/mol\;hexose_{added}$ and 0.91 L $H_2/L/d$ at HRT 30 h. n-Butyrate and isopropanol production increased with hydrogen production increased, while acetate production decreased. The fermentation efficiency ranged from 53.3 to 65.7%, which implied that hydrogen fermentation would substitute conventional acidogenesis of food waste.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.361-361
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• 2016

기상이변으로 인하여 최근 10년 동안 해마다 홍수와 가뭄 피해가 극심하였고 그에 따른 경제적 손실 또한 증가하고 있다. 이에 우리나라에서는 4대강 살리기 사업으로 다기능보 건설 및 준설을 통하여 용수확보 및 홍수조절능력을 향상시키고자 하였다. 하지만 그로인해 하천환경이 많이 변하였으며, 그에 따른 하도의 안정성 확보 및 효율적인 유지관리가 요구되는 상황이다. 체계적인 하천관리를 위해서는 24시간/365일 하천상황 분석과 함께 실시간 수리학적 체류시간 분석 등을 통한 하천 및 하도내 수자원 관리 기초자료 필요성이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 변화된 하천을 정확히 반영하고, 보의 운영조건을 고려한 2차원 수리해석을 실시하여 하천관리를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 다기능보의 지형조건과 운영조건을 반영할 수 있는 EFDC 모형을 이용하여 낙동강에 대해 2차원 수리모형을 구축하였다. 자료기반모형을 이용하여 지류 유입량을 예측하여 적용하였으며, 보 상류 및 하류부 수위를 상 하류단 경계조건으로 구성하였다. 이를 통해 보별 유입량 및 보 상류의 주요지점의 수위, 유량에 대한 다양한 조건을 확정론적 방법과 추계학적 방법으로 분석하여 주요지점에서의 유량 및 수위 수문곡선, 수위/유량 종단양상, 주요지점별 도달 시간 등을 제시하였다. 또한 확정론적 수위 및 유량의 홍수기 및 저 갈수기, 계절 및 분기, 일단위및 시단위 등의 시계열 결과를 도출하였으며, 유량규모별 전파 양상을 분석하여 강우-유량-도달 시간의 조건표를 제시하여 보의 운영에 직접적으로 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 낙동강에서의 하천관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있으며, 다양한 조건에 대한 보 운영 및 하천 유지관리의 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2019

낙동강에는 2010-2012년 4대강 사업 완료 후 8개의 다기능 보가 설치되었다. 보 설치로 인해 물의 체류시간이 증가하고 보 상류에는 정체수역이 광범위하게 형성되었다. 이후 지속된 가뭄과 여름철 고온현상이 겹치면서 남조류의 과잉성장(녹조현상)이 빈번히 발생하여 수생태계 건강성에 문제를 초래하는 등 사회적 이슈로 자리잡게 되었다. 조류의 과잉성장을 해결하기 위해 정부에서는 총인(TP) 방류수 수질기준 강화, 펄스형 방류기법 운영 등 대책을 추진하였으며, 녹조 우심지역을 선정하고 지역 특성에 맞는 대응방안을 수립하여 추진하고 있으나, 그 효과가 국부적이고 일시적이어서 근원적 대책 마련이 필요한 실정이다. 일반적으로 남조류의 과잉성장에 영향을 미치는 요소는 높은 영양염류(질소, 인)와 유기물 농도, 고온과 안정적인 성층강도, 그리고 남조류의 생리적 특성 등으로 매우 다양하기 때문에 정확한 발생 원인의 분석이 어려운 경우가 많다. 그러나, 보에 의해 흐름이 조절되는 하천에서는 유량, 유속 및 수온성층 등이 남조류 성장과 천이특성에 가장 민감한 영향을 미친다. 선행 연구사례에서는 유량과 남조류 생체량이 서로 반비례 관계를 가진다는 점과 상 하층간의 온도차(수온성층)가 남조류 우점과 밀접한 관련이 있다는 것을 보였다(Sherman et al. 1998). 따라서 최근 국내에서도 보의 관리수위를 낮추어 유속을 증가시키고 체류시간을 감소시켜 녹조문제를 완화하려는 노력이 추진 중이다. 하지만 하천의 수질은 물리적, 화학적, 생물학적 요인들의 복잡한 상호작용의 결과이므로, 단기간의 측정 결과로 보 수위 저하의 효과를 평가하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 이를 과학적으로 평가하기 위해서 수리 수질 생태의 연동해석이 가능한 수치모델을 활용할 필요가 있다. 수치모델은 매개변수를 충분히 보정한다면, 다른 모든 요인은 동일한 조건에서 보 수위 저하만의 영향을 예측하는데 활용가능하다. 본 연구의 목적은 낙동강 수계 중류에 위치한 칠곡보-강정고령보 구간을 대상으로 3차원 수리 수질모델인 EFDC를 구축하고, 실측 자료를 이용하여 모델을 보정한 후 보 관리수위의 저하운영 시나리오에 따른 수질과 남조류의 시 공간적 변동 특성을 분석하는데 있다.