• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 1974

An attempt was made to determine simple and the most reasonable fertilizer recommendation for barley utilizing the present knowledge about the effect of soil and climatic factors on barley response to NPK fertilizer in Korea and establishing the critical contents of available nutrients in soils. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The relationships between relative yields or fertilizers rates for maximum yields from quadratic response curves and contents of organic matter, available $P_2O_5$, exchangeable K in soils were examined. The trend was more prospective with relative yields because of smaller variation than with fertilizer rates. 2. Since the relationship between N relative yields and organic matter contents in soils was almost linear over the practical range, it was difficult to determine the critical content for nitrogen response by quadrant methods. However, 2.6%, country average of organic matter content in upland soils was recommended as the critical point. 3. There showed a trend that average optimum nitrogen rater was higher in heavy texture soils, colder regions. 4. The critical $P_2O_5$ contents in soil were 96 or 118 ppm in two different years, which were very close to the country average, 114 ppm of $P_2O_5$ contents in upland soils. The critical K content in soil was 0.32 me/100g, which was exactly coincident to the country average of exchangeable K in upland soils. 5. According to the contents of avaiiable $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable K, several ranges were established for the purpose of convenience in fertilizer recommendation, that is, very low, Low, Medium, High and very High. 6. More phosphate was recommended in the northern region, clayey soils, and paddy soils, whereas less in the southern region and sandy soils. More potash was recommended in the northern region and sandy soils, whereas less in the southern region and clayey soils. 7. The lower the PH, the more fertilizers were recommended. However, liming was considered to be more effective than increas in amount of fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-140
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• 1982

The distribution and practical classification of sandy paddy soils, which have the most extensive acreage among low productive paddy soils in Korea and have distinctive improvement effects, were studied to propose a tentative new classification system of sandy textured paddy soils as a means of improving the "Paddy Soil Type Classification" scheme used. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivity of sandy textured paddy soils was about 86% of normal paddy and the coefficient of variation was relatively high indicating that the properties of soils included were not sufficiently homogeneous. 2. As the poorly drained and halomorphic (> 16 mmhos/cm of E.C. at $25^{\circ}C$) sandy soils are not included in the "Sandy Soil" type according to the criteria of "Soil Type Classification", the recommendation of "adding clay earth" become complicated, and the soil type have to change when the salts washed away or due to ground water table fluctuations. 3. Coarse textured soils were entirely included in the "Sandy Soils" in the tentative criteria of sandy soil classification proposed, and the sandy soils were subdivided into 4 subtypes that is "Oxidized leaching sandy paddy", Red-ox. intergrading sandy paddy", "Reduced accumulating sandy paddy" and "Reduced halomorphic sandy paddy". The system of sandy soil classification proposed were consisted of following categories; Type (Sandy paddy)-Sub-type (4)-Texture family (5)-Soil series (48). 4. The variation of productivities according to the proposed scheme was more homogenized than that of the present device. 5. The total extent of sandy paddy soils was 409, 902 ha (32.3% of total paddy) according to the present classification system, but the extent reached 492,983 ha (38.9%) by the proposed system. The provinces of Gyeong-gi (88.923ha), Jeon-bug (69.717 ha), Gyeong-bug (55.390 ha) have extensive acreage of sandy paddy soils, and the provinces that had high ratio of sandy paddy soils were Gang-weon (58.9%), Gyeong-gi (50.5%), Chung-bug (48.5%), Jeon-bug (41.0%) etc. The ratio was increased by the proposed scheme, e.g. 71.4% in the case of Gang-weon prov. 6. According to the suitability group of paddy soils, the sandy soils mostly belong to 3 class (69.1%) and 4 class (29.2%). Coarse loamy textural family (59.2%) and coarse silty (16.1 %) soils were dominantly distributed. 7. The "Red-ox. intergrading subtype" of sandy paddy pertinent to 49.6% (245,012 ha) while the "Oxidized leaching sub-type" reaches to 33.5% (64,890 ha) and the remained 16.9% (83,081ha) belong to "Reduced accumulating sub-type (14.0%) and "Reduced halomorphic sub-type (2.9%)" according to the proposed scheme.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.482-492
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• 2000

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are known to increase plant growth as well as to enhance salt tolerance of plants where plant roots are colonized by VAM. In pot experiment, pepper was grown in soil containing 0, 200, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ with and without mycorrhizal inoculum. Pots were irrigated with saline water containing 0.5, 2.0, and $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. At 0, 200, and $400P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, plant hight in mycorrhizal treatments was significantly different compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, plant hight at $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ was not different between mycorrhizal and nomycorrhizal treatments. Leaf area at $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments, and $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$ in mycorrhizal treatments significantly increased compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. However, these increase were not discovered in high salinity and P level. Level of EC affected dry weight, and especially, interection of P and EC, or P and VA inoculation highly affected root dry weight. R/S ratio generally decreased in mycorrhizal treatments. Significantly decreased R/S ratio was shown at 0, 400, and $600P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of $6.0dS\;m^{-1}$. Chlorophyll content generally increased with decreased salinity and P level where mycorrhizal treatments showed higher chlorophyll content compared to nonmycorrhizal treatments. The benefits of VAM inoculation on fruit production was discovered at only low P level and salinity. Mycorrhizal dependency on dry weight basis was generally shown in $0P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ of three EC treatments and 0.5, $2.0dS\;m^{-1}$ of $200P\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ level. Colonization rate ranged 3.3 to 43.3% and number of spores was 47.7 to 198.3 $100g^{-1}$ soil. Colonization rate and number of spores increased with decreased P level and salinity where there was high correlation ($r=0.858^{**}$) between both. Also improved uptake of mineral nutrients was discovered at mycorrhizal treatments in decreased P level and salinity.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.295-301
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• 1993

Since Jan. 1991 a prospective randomized study for Stage III unresectable non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been conducted to evaluate the response rate and tolerance of induction chemotherapy with MVP followed by hyperfractionated radiotherapy and evaluate the efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in Asan Medical Center. All patients in this study were treated with hyperfractionated radiotherapy (120 cGy/fx BID, 6480 cGy/54 fx) following 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy, MVP (Mitomycin C 6 $mg/m^2,$ Vinblastin 6 $mg/m^2,$ Cisplatin 60 $mg/m^2$) and then the partial and complete responders from induction chemotherapy were randomized to 3 cycles of adjuvant MVP chemotherapy group and observation group. 48 patients were registered to this study until December 1992; among 48 patients 3 refused further treatment after induction chemotherapy and 6 received incomplete radiation therapy because of patient's refusal, 39 completed planned therapy. Twenty-three $(58\%)$ patients including 2 complete responders showed response from induction chemotherapy. Among the 21 patients who achieved a partial response after induction chemotherapy,1 patient rendered complete clearance of disease and 10 patients showed further regression of tumor following hyperfractionated radiotherapy. Remaining 10 patients showed stable disease or progression after radiotherapy. Of the sixteen patients judged to have stable disease or progression after induction chemotherapy, seven showed more than partial remission after radiotherapy but nine showed no response in spite of radiotherapy. Of the 39 patients who completed induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 25 patients $(64\%)$ including 3 complete responders showed more than partial remission. Nineteen patients were randomized after radio-therapy. Nine Patients were allocated to adjuvant chemotherapy group and 4/9 showed further regression of tumor after adjuvant chemotherapy. For the time being, there is no suggestion of a difference between the adjuvant chemotherapy group and observation group in distant metastasis rate and survival. Median survival time was 13 months. Actuarial survival rates at 6,12 and 18 months of 39 patients who completed this study were $84.6\%,\;53.7\%\;and\;40.3\%,$ respectively. The partial and complete responders from induction chemotherapy showed significantly better survival than non-responders (p=0.028). Incidence of radiation pneumonitis in this study group was less than that in historical control group inspite of induction chemotherapy. All patients tolerated hypertractionated radiotherapy without definite increase of acute complications compared with conventional radiotherapy group. The longer follow up is needed to evaluate the efficacies of induction and maintenance chemotherapy and survival advantage by hyperfractionated radiotherapy but authors are encouraged with an excellent tolerance, higher response rate and improvement of one year survival rate in patients of this study.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 1998

Purpose : We conducted clonogenic assay using human cancer cell lines (MKN-45, PC-14, Y-79, HeLa) to investigate a correlation between the parameters of radiosensitivity. Materials and Methods : Human cancer cell lines were irradiated with single doses of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10Gy for the study of radiosensitivity and subrethal damage repair capacity was assessed with two fractions of 5Gy separated with a time interval of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 24 hours. Surviving fraction was assessed with clonogenic assay using $Sperman-H\"{a}rbor$ method and mathematical analysis of survival curves was done with linear-quadratic (LQ) , multitarget-single hit(MS) model and mean inactivation dose$(\v{D})$. Results : Surviving fractions at 2Gy(SF2) were variable among the cell lines, ranged from 0.174 to 0.85 The SF2 of Y-79 was lowest and that of PC-14 was highest(p<0.05, t-test). LQ model analysis showed that the values of $\alpha$ for Y-79, MKN-45, HeLa and PC-14 were 0.603, 0.356, 0.275 and 0.102 respectively, and those of $\beta$ were 0.005, 0.016, 0.025 and 0.027 respectively. Fitting to MS model showed that the values of Do for Y-79. MKN-45, HeLa and PC-14 were 1.59. 1.84. 1.88 and 2.52 respectively, and those of n were 0.97, 1.46, 1.52 and 1 69 respectively. The $\v{D}s$ calculated by Gauss-Laguerre method were 1.62, 2.37, 2,01 and 3.95 respectively So the SF2 was significantly correlated with $\alpha$, Do and $\v{D}$. Their Pearson correlation coefficiencics were -0.953 and 0,993. 0.999 respectively(p<0.05). Sublethal damage repair was saturated around 4 hours and recovery ratios (RR) at plateau phase ranged from 2 to 3.79. But RR was not correlated with SF2, ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, Do, $\v{D}$. Conclusion : The intrinsic radiosensitivity was very different among the tested human cell lines. Y-79 was the most sensitive and PC-l4 was the least sensitive. SF2 was well correlated with ${\alpha}$, Do, and $\v{D}$. RR was high for MKN-45 and HeLa but had nothing to do with radiosensitivity parameters. These basic parameters can be used as baseline data for various in vitro radiobiological experiments.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-157
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• 1998

Purpose : The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the necessity of s1aging laparotomy in the management of supradiaphragmatic CS I-II Hodgkin's disease. Prognostic factors and the usefulness of prognostic factor groups were also analyzed. Materials and Methods : From 1985 to 1995, fifty one Patients who were diagnosed as supradiaphragmatic CS I-II Hodgkin's disease at Yonsei Cancer Center in Seoul, Korea were enrolled in this study Age range was 4 to 67 with median age of 30. The number of patients with each CS IA, II A, and IIB were 16, 25, and 10, respectively. Radiotherapy(RT) was delivered using 4 or 6 MV photon beam to a total dose of 19.5 to 55.6Gy (median dose : 45Gy) with a 1.5 to 1.BGy per fraction. Chemotherapy(CT) was given in 2-12 cycles(median : 6 cycles). Thirty one Patients were treated with RT alone, 4 patients with CT alone and 16 patients with combined chemoradiotherapy. RT volumes varied from involved fields(3), subtotal nodal fields(18) or mantle fields(26). Results : Five-year disease-free survival rate(DFS) was $78.0\%$ and overall survival rate(05) was $87.6\%$. Fifty Patients achieved a complete remission after initial treatment and 8 patients were relapsed. Salvage therapy was given to 7 patients, 1 with RT alone, 4 with CT alone, 2 with RT+CT. Only two patients were successfully salvaged. Feminine gender and large media-stinal adenopathy were significant adverse prognostic factors in the univariate analysis for DFS. The significant adverse prognostic factors of OS were B symptom and clinical stage. When patients were analyzed according to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer(EORTC) prognostic factor groups, the DFS in Patients with very favorable, favorable and unfavorable group was 100, 100 and $55.8\%$(p<0.05), and the 05 in each patients' group was 100, 100 and $75.1\%$(p<0.05), respectively. In very favorable and favorable groups, the DFS and 05 were all $100\%$ by RT alone, but in unfavorable group, RT with CT had a lesser relapse rate than RT alone. The subtotal nodal irradiation had better OFS than mantle RT in patients treated with RT. Conclusion : In present study, the DFS and OS in patients who did not undergo s1aging laparotomy were similar with the results in the literatures of which patients were surgically staged. Therefore, we may suggest that staging laparotomy would not influence the outcome of treatments. In univariate analysis, gender, large mediastinal adenopathy. B symptoms and clinical stage were significant prognostic factors for the survival rate. We confirm the usefulness of EORTC prognostic factor groups which may be a good.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-385
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• 1997

Purpose : Ovarian dysgerminoma is a highly radiosensitive malignant tumor occurring in young age group. The conventional treatment was total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy followed by radiotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the treatment results of Patients who had received radiotherapy in the era before chemotherapy was widely used. Material and Method : Twenty two patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were treated at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital between August, 1980 and May, 1991. Four patients were excluded from this study, because three patients received incomplete treatment and one received combined chemotherapy. Sixteen patients received postoperative radiotherapy and two patients had radical radiotherapy as tumor was unresectable. Median follow-up period was 99 months (range, 51-178) Median age was 22 years (range, 11-42). Among the postoperatively treated patients, three Patients were in stage IA, eight in stage IC, two in stage II, and three in stage III. One patient had Turner's syndrome. Radiotherapy was performed with high energy photon (telecobalt unit or linear accelerator, either 6MV or 10MV), The radiation dose to the whole abdomen was 1950-2100cGy (median, 2000) and 1050-2520cGy was added to the whole pelvis, the total dose to the whole pelvis was 3000-4500cGy (median, 3500). Prophylactic Paraaortic area irradiation was done in six Patients (dose range, 900-1500cGy). One patient who had positive Paraaortic node, received radiation dose of 1620cGy, followed by additional 900cGy to the gross mass with shrinking field. Total dose to the paraaortic node was 4470cGy. Six patients, including one who had paraaortic node metastasis, received Prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum and supraclavicular area (2520cGy). Of the two patients with unresectable tumors who received radical radiotherapy, one was in stage III and the other was in stage IV with left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis. The stage III patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by boost to whole pelvis (2070cGy) and paraaortic area (2450cGy). Stage IV patient received radiation to the whole abdomen (2000cGy), followed by radiation to the whole pelvis and paraaortic area (2400cGy), mediastinum (2520cGy) , and left supraclavicular area (3550cGy) .Results : The 5 year local control rate was $100\%$ in patients who received postoperative adiuvant radiotherapy after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Only one patient in stage III who did not receive prophylactic irradiation to mediastinum developed mediastinal metastasis. but was salvaged by chemotherapy. So. the 5 year overall survival rate uras also $100\%$. Two patients who received radiation only, are alive without disease at 112 and 155 months. Conclusion : Postoperntive adjuvant radiotherapy as well as radical radiotherapy in unresectable ovarian dysgerminoma was very effective. aut chemotherapy is also an effective treatment modality We now recomrneifd chemotherapy for Patients who need to save their ovarian functien and reserve radiotherapv fov chemo-resistant tumor or recurrence alter che motherapy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 1995

Purpose : To analyze survival rate and late rectal and bladder complication for patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined with chemotherapy Materials and Methods : Between November 1984 and December 1993, 127 patients with stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix treated by radiation alone or combined therapy of radiation and chemotherapy. Retrospective analysis for survival rate was carried out on eligible 107 patients and review for complication was possible in 91 patients. The median follow-up was 47 months (range 3-118) and the median age of patiens was 56 years (range 31-76). 26 patients were stage IB by FIGO classification, 40 were stage IIA and 41 were stage IIB. 86 cases were treated by radiation alone and 21 were treated by radiation and chemotherapy. 101 patients were treated with intracavitary radiation therapy (ICRT), of these, 80 were received low dose rate (LDR) ICRT and 21 were received high dose rate (HDR) ICRT. Of the patients who received LDR ICRT, 63 were treated by 1 intracavitary insertion and 17 were underwent 2 insertions And we evaluated the external radiation dose and midline shield. Results : Actuarial survival rate at 5 years was $92{\%}$ for stage IB, $75{\%}$ for stage IIA, $53{\%}$ for stage IIB and $69{\%}$ in all patients Grade 1 rectal complications were developed in 20 cases ($22{\%}$), grade 2 were in 22 cases ($24{\%}$). 22 cases ($24{\%}$) of grade 1 urinary complications and 17 cases ($19{\%}$) of grade 2 urinary complications were observed But no patient had severe complications that needed surgical management or admission care. Maximum bladder dose for the group of patients with urinary complications was higher than that for the patients without urinary complications (7608 cGy v 6960cGy. p<0.01) Maximum rectal dose for the group of patients with rectal complications was higher than that for the patients without rectal complications (7041cGy v 6269cGy, p<0.01). While there was no significant difference for survival rate or bladder complication incidence as a function of dose to whole pelvis, Grade 2 rectal complication incidence was significantly lower for the patients receiving less than 4500cGy ($6.3{\%}$ v $25.5{\%}$, p<0.05). There was no significant differance between HDR ICRT group and LDR ICRT group for survival rate according to stage, on the other hand complication incidence was higher in the HDR group than LDR group, This was maybe due to different prescription doses between HDR group and LDR group. Midline shield neither improved survival rate nor decreased complication rate. The number of insertion in LDR ICRT group did not affect on survival and compication rate. Conclusion : In stage I and II carcinoma of uterine cervix there was no significant differance for 5 year survival rate by radiation therapy technique. Rectal complication incidence was as a function of dose to whole pelvis and there were positive correlations of maximum dose of rectum and bladder and each complication incidence. So we recommand whole pelvis dose less than 4500cGy and maximum dose of rectum and bladder as low as possible.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2008

Purpose: For the first time, a nationwide survey of the Patterns of Care Study(PCS) for the various radiotherapy treatments of esophageal cancer was carried out in South Korea. In order to observe the different parameters, as well as offer a solid cooperative system, we compared the Korean results with those observed in the United States(US) and Japan. Materials and Methods: Two hundreds forty-six esophageal cancer patients from 21 institutions were enrolled in the South Korean study. The patients received radiation theraphy(RT) from 1998 to 1999. In order to compare these results with those from the United States, a published study by Suntharalingam, which included 414 patients[treated by Radiotherapy(RT)] from 59 institutions between 1996 and 1999 was chosen. In order to compare the South Korean with the Japanese data, we choose two different studies. The results published by Gomi were selected as the surgery group, in which 220 esophageal cancer patients were analyzed from 76 facilities. The patients underwent surgery and received RT with or without chemotherapy between 1998 and 2001. The non-surgery group originated from a study by Murakami, in which 385 patients were treated either by RT alone or RT with chemotherapy, but no surgery, between 1999 and 2001. Results: The median age of enrolled patients was highest in the Japanese non-surgery group(71 years old). The gender ratio was approximately 9:1(male:female) in both the Korean and Japanese studies, whereas females made up 23.1% of the study population in the US study. Adenocarcinoma outnumbered squamous cell carcinoma in the US study, whereas squamous cell carcinoma was more prevalent both the Korean and Japanese studies(Korea 96.3%, Japan 98%). An esophagogram, endoscopy, and chest CT scan were the main modalities of diagnostic evaluation used in all three countries. The US and Japan used the abdominal CT scan more frequently than the abdominal ultrasonography. Radiotherapy alone treatment was most rarely used in the US study(9.5%), compared to the Korean(23.2%) and Japanese(39%) studies. The combination of the three modalities(Surgery+RT+Chemotherapy) was performed least often in Korea(11.8%) compared to the Japanese(49.5%) and US(32.8%) studies. Chemotherapy(89%) and chemotherapy with concurrent chemoradiotherapy(97%) was most frequently used in the US study. Fluorouracil(5-FU) and Cisplatin were the most preferred drug treatments used in all three countries. The median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy in the US study, as compared to 55.8 Gy in the Korean study regardless of whether an operation was performed. However, in Japan, different median doses were delivered for the surgery(48 Gy) and non-surgery groups(60 Gy). Conclusion: Although some aspects of the evaluation of esophageal cancer and its various treatment modalities were heterogeneous among the three countries surveyed, we found no remarkable differences in the RT dose or technique, which includes the number of portals and energy beams.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 1974

1. Various gluing qualities applying Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 were studied on aiming the strength relationships of laminated woods resulted by single species [poplar (Populus deltoides), larch(Larix leptolepis)], mixed species of (poplar and larch), preservatives, treated poplar the scarf joint with mixed species of poplar and larch and the scarf joint treated with preservatives. 1. 1 On the block shear and on the DVL tension test, the mean wood failure ratio showed an excellent value i.e., above 65% and the tangential strength for larch was higher than that of radial, but it was reversed for poplar as shown in Tables 1 and 2. 1. 2 The lamina treated with Na-PCP reduced slightly the strength but the limited strength allowed for manufacturing laminated wood was not influenced by treating Na-PCP as shown in Tables 3 and 4. 1. 3 The safe scarf ratio in the plane scarf joint was above 1/12 for larch and 1/6 for poplar regard less of the chemical treatment or untreatment as shown in Tables. 5, 6, 7 and 8. 2. In the normal and boiled state, the gluing quality of the laminated wood composed of single[poplar (Populus deltoides), larch (Larix leptolepis)] and double species (poplar and larch) glued with Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 were measured as follow, and also represented the delamination of the same laminated wood. 2.1 The normal block shear strength of the straight and curved laminated wood (in life size) were more than three times of the standards adhesion strength. And, the value of the boiled stock was decreased to one half of the standard shear adhesion strength, but it was more than twice the standard strength for the boiled stock. Thus, it was recognized that the water resistance of the Resorcinol Plyophen #6000 was very high as shown in Tables 9 and 10. 2. 2 The delamination ratio of the straight and curved laminated woods in respect of their composition were decraesed, in turn, in the following order i. e., larch, mixed stock (larch+poplar) and poplar. The maximum value represented by the larch was 3.5% but it was below the limited value as shown in Table 11. 3. The various strengthes i.e., compressive, bending and adhesion obtainted by the straight laminaced wood which were constructed by five plies of single and double species of lamina i. e., larch (Larix leptolepis) and poplar (Populus euramericana), glued with urea resin were shown as follows: 3. 1 If desired a higher strength of architectural laminated wood composed of poplar (P) and larch (L), the combination of the laminas should be arranged as follows, L+P+L+P+L as shown in Table 12. 3.2 The strength of laminated wood composed of laminas which included pith and knots was conside rably decreased than that of clear lamina as shown Table 13. 3.3 The shear strength of the FPL block of the straight laminated wood constructed by the same species which were glued with urea adhesives was more than twice the limited adhesion strength, thus it makes possible to use it for interior constructional stock.