• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.185-212
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• 2010

This study simulates the effects of basic income on income redistribution in Korea, and compares the redistribution effects of basic income models with the effect of the current welfare system. Using the Korea Welfare Panel Study(2008), absolute/relative poverty rate, poverty gap ratio, gini coefficients are measured. As a result of simulation, the basic income models reduced poverty more effectively than the current system. And among the three basic income models, the basic income model combined with flat-rate tax reduced poverty more effectively. And the basic income model combined with progressive tax reduced inequality more effectively. The results of the study reported in this paper confirm the paradox of redistribution which suggest that the effect of universal welfare program on redistribution is the most noticeable.

• Economic Analysis
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-83
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• 2020

This paper examines two different reunification regimes and investigates the decision making problems on tax and income transfers in a political economy model. The first reunification regime is the South-Driven regime under which the majority of South Korea choose the tax rate, the amount of transfers and the size of migration. The second is the North-Participation regime under which there is no limit on migration and the majority of Unified Korea choose the tax rate and the amount of transfers. In both regimes, Northern residents' migration decisions are endogenous and those who decide not to migrate to the Southern region have an alternative to declare fiscal independence of income redistribution taking place within the North independently. This paper shows that there is no income redistribution in a politico-economic equilibrium under the South-Driven regime. Given that, those remaining in the Northern region decide to declare fiscal independence. On the other hand, the North-Participation regime delivers an equilibrium supporting income redistribution and no fiscal independence.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.721-739
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• 2015

The importance of the old age income security will increase for an aging society due to the deepening income polarization. The National Pension(NP) is a representative Social Security scheme in charge of old age income security as well as income redistribution for the insured. Studies by Kim (2002), Kim et al. (2003), and Hong (2013) have reported the possibility of unsatisfactory income redistribution of the NP. Recently Choi (2015) attributed those results to an unnoticed defect in the benefit formula. This study is a test for the unsatisfactory income redistribution of the current National Pension using early participants who have now become pensioners. The method aggregates cohorts and combines individual history data before the year 2013 and the results of the actuarial projection model of the 2013 after the year 2014. The results are divided by measures taken. The redistribution is obviously progressive by the income replacement rate; however, it is significantly regressive when measured by the net benefit theoretically as more plausible. Considering the effect of differing lifetime contribution year among income classes, the regressive redistribution will prevail more in the future pensioners.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.3-35
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• 2018

This article critically reviews the arguments that deny the financial feasbility and effectiveness of universal basic income as an alternative to existing social security systems and makes some suggestions to design effective and efficient basic income schemes. Regarding the financial feasibility of universal basic income, I argue that replacement of the existing regressive tax expenditures with universal basic income without raising tax rates can effectively reduce tax burden or provide income support to a majority of people except the rich. Addition of basic income to the tax base and reduction of the number of beneficiaries of public assistance and the amount of cash payment for them can further help save money. Regarding the redistributive effect, I note that the targeting ability of the existing social security systems is not good and that "the paradox of redistribution" that universal-type programs tend to be more redistributive than selective programs applies to universal basic income as well. I demonstrate significant redistributive effect of a hypothetical revenue-neutral basic income scheme and reviews several empirical studies done in Korea and abroad to show that basic income can be more effective in redistribution than social insurances or public assistance programs. Lastly, I emphasize the need to construct a reliable tax-benefit microsimulation model to help researchers to study redistributive effects of basic income schemes and other taxes and social policies.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.27-43
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• 1987

본 논문은 우리나라 특별소비세부담(特別消費稅負擔)의 누진도(累進度) 혹은 역진도(逆進度)를 측정할 수 있는 지표(指標)를 개발하고 이 지표를 이용해 동(同) 세제(稅制)의 소득재분배효과(所得再分配效果)를 분석함을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 과세대상품목에 대한 소득계층별 지출비중만으로 편리하게 계산될 수 있는 세부담(稅負擔)의 역진성지수(逆進性指數)를 개발하고 도시가계조사자료(都市家計調査資料)를 이용하여 특별소비세 관련 품목에 대한 상기(上記) 역진성지수(逆進性指數)를 시산(試算)하였다. 시산결과(試算結果)는 전국적(全國的)인 자료(資料)를 이용하지 않았다는 점과 특별소비세(特別消費稅) 과세대상과 가계조사항목(家計調査項目)이 정확하게 일치하지 않는다는 점 등 때문에 특별소비세부담(特別消費稅負擔)의 분포를 정확하게 나타내는 것이라고 할 수 없으나 대체로 예상되던 패턴을 크게 벗어나지 않고 있다. 이 시산결과(試算結果)에 의하면 특별소비세(特別消費稅) 같은 개별소비세(個別消費稅)로서 소득재분배 목적을 달성하려는 시도는 현실적으로 쉽지 않을 뿐만 아니라 다른 여러가지 문제들을 수반할 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 이 세제(稅制)의 개선(改善)은 외부효과(外部效果) 교정(矯正) 등 개별소비세 고유의 제한된 정책기능을 우선적으로 강조하는 소득재분배기능은 부차적(副次的) 목적(目的)으로 고려하는 방향(方向)에서 접근하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.61-85
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• 1989

본고(本稿)에서는 최근 달성된 전국민의료보험(全國民醫療保險)(NHI)의 재원조달방식(財源調達方式)을 개관한 다음 소득재분배관점(所得再分配觀點)에서 이론적(理論的), 실증적(實證的) 분석(分析)을 행하고자 한다. 의료보험(醫療保險)은 주로 건강한 사람으로 부터 병든 사람으로 의료(醫療)의 수평적(水平的) 재분배기능(再分配機能)을 행하나 결과적으로 수직적(垂直的) 재분배(再分配)에도 영향을 주게 된다. 형평(衡平)과 관련하여 모든 국민(國民)들에게 필요한 최저수준(最低水準)의 의료이용(醫療利用)을 보장한다든가 의료이용(醫療利用)에 따른 경제적(經濟的) 부담(負擔)을 균등하게 한다든가 하는 제기준(諸基準)의 선택은 결국 우리 사회(社會)가 내려야 할 가치판단(價値判斷)의 문제일 것이나 우리의 여건에 비추어 전자(前者)를 기조(基調)로 하되 후자(後者)를 지향하는 접근방식이 바람직하고 평가된다. 실증분석(實證分析)의 결과는 비록 작은 크기이기는 하나 어느 정도 재분배효과(再分配效果)를 보여주었으나 프로그램간 급여(給與)와 보험료부담(保險料負擔)의 측면에서 격차가 벌어지고 있는 실정이어서 NHI 재정통합(財政統合)이라는 장기목표(長期目標) 아래 소득연계적(所得連繫的)인 보험료부담(保險料負擔) 및 급여체계(給與體系)를 단계적으로 확립해 나가되 우선은 의료보호(醫療保護)부터 이 방안(方案)을 실천에 옮기도록 권고한다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.1-35
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• 2019

This paper compares the effects of income transfer and wage subsidy in a simple general equilibrium model. The redistributive effects of both policies are smaller, the more intensive in low wage workers are the luxury goods production. Wage subsidy contributes more to employment and GDP relative to income subsidy, but its redistributive effects can be smaller depending on the elasticities of labor demand supply. More complete empirical analysis appears due on the effects of both policies in order to design an optimal mix of efficiency and equity.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.48-68
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• 1980

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.43-68
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• 1979

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.119-145
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• 1981