• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.256-265
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• 1997

Objectives：The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and differences of brain function in pervasive developmental disorder and developmental language disorder. Method：The subjects were composed of 14 cases of pervasive developmental disorder and 13 cases developmental language disorder. They were investigated by technitium-99m-EDC SPECT. All SPECT were visually assessed by two nuclear medicine specialists, and then quantified by region of interest including temporal, parietal cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia and cerebellum. Result：In both groups, cerebral blood flow was decreased in the temporal, parietal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum by visual assessment. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups by quantitative and qualitative assessment. Conclusion：These results suggest that pervasive developmental disorder and developmental language disorder are caused by defects in the interneural connection and that both disorders are spectrum disorders.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.220-226
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• 1997

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is frequently associated with intracranial calcification and neuropsychiatric abnormalities. The most commonly recognized central nervous system manifestations of chronic hypoparathyroidism are seizure, alteration of mental function and extrapyramidal signs. We present a case of hypoparathyroidism, demonstrating extensive intracranial calcification, not only basal ganglia, but also outside the extrapyramidal system. An 58-year-old woman presented with 30 year history of seizure and memory disturbance. The physical examination and several laboratory studies disclosed normal. However hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia with hypocalciuria and decreased parathormone level were demonstrated. Clinical symptoms and signs showed improvement after supplementary calcium and Vit $D_3$ therapy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2022

Cerebellar Hippocampal and Basal Nuclei Transient Edema with Restricted diffusion (CHANTER) syndrome is characterized by an altered mental status. The acute MRI lesions show abnormal restricted diffusion imaging bilaterally and symmetrically in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and basal nuclei. This syndrome is an unknown syndrome and is presumed to be mainly an opioidinduced toxidrome. Here, we present a case study wherein we show that it can also be caused by an antidepressant overdose.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1988

알쯔하이머병 환자 11명, 우울증 환자 7명 그러고 정상 대조군 12명을 대상으로 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ 뇌 SPECT를 이용하여 국소 뇌혈류 분포를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) SPECT소견은 정상 대조군과 우울증군에서는 모두 정상이 있으나 알쯔하이머병군에서는 7명은 양측 측두엽 및 두정엽에, 3명은 편측 측두엽 및 두정엽에 그리고 1명은 전두엽에 뇌혈류 감소의 소견을 보였다. 2) 대뇌반구간 혈류분포의 변화를 비교하는 지수인 Cerebral asymmetry index는 정상 대조군에서 $0.08{\pm}0.03$, 알쯔하이머병군에서는 $0.11{\pm}0.04$ 그리고 우울증군에서는 $0.09{\pm}0.03$으로서 세 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) 소뇌반구간 혈류분포의 변화를 비교하는 지수인 Percent index of cerebellar asymmetry는 정상 대조군에서 $0.4{\pm}0.7%$, 알쯔하이머병군에서 $-0.7{\pm}0.08%$ 그리고 우울증군에서 $-0.7{\pm}0.7%$로서 세군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 4) 소뇌 계수치를 대조값으로 각 영역별 혈류분포의 변화정도를 비교하는 지수인 Region to cerebellum ratio는 우울증군에서는 정상 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 알쯔하이머병군에서는 양측 두정엽과 측두엽에서 유의한 감소를 보였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 $^{99m}Tc-HMPAO$ 뇌 SPECT는 알쯔하이머병의 진단에 있어서 유용한 방법임을 알 수 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 1985

The present study was carried out light and electron microscopic analysis of the structures of the tritocerebral neurons in butterfly (Pieris rapae Linne) from Insecta. We have summarized our morphological analyses as follows: In insecta, tritocerebrum of butterfly shows tentatively classified 6 neuronal types without any arrangement of cell layers. Type I cells with long oval or spindle shape are the largest out of 6 kinds. The nucleus contains a small amount of chromatin. In the large volume of cytoplasm there contained rich cell organelles except granular endoplasmic reticulum. Type II cells are smaller than type I neurons, but their ultrastructural features are similar to type I neuron. They have well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum. Type III cells are spherical or triangular and smaller than type I neuron with spherical nuclei. Cell organelles are mostly prominent, esp., mitochondria, ribosomes and fine fibrils which are arranged in periphery of the cytoplasm.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.320-329
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• 1997

Neuroanatomic substrate of autism has been the subjects of continuing investigation. Because previous studies had not demonstrated consistent and specific neuroimaging findings in autism and most studies comprised adults and school-aged children, we performed a retrospective review in search of common functional and anatomical abnormalities with brain SPECT using Tc-99m ECD and correlative MRI The patient population was composed of 18 children aged 28 to 89 months(mean age : 55 months) who met the diagnostic criteria of autism as defined in the DSM-IV and CARS. Brain SPECT was performed after intravenous injection of 185-370MBq of Tc-99m ECD using brain dedicated annular crystal gamma camera. MRI was performed in all patients including T1, T2 axial and T1 sagittal sequences. SPECT data were visually assessed. Thirteen patients had abnormal SPECT scan revealing focal areas of decreased perfusion. Decreased perfusion of cerebellar vermis(12/18), cerebellar hemisphere(11/18), thalami(13/18), basal ganglia(4/18), posterior parietal(7/18), and temporal(4/18) area were noted on brain SPECT. Whereas, only 3 patients had abnormal MR findings which were subtle volume loss of parieto-occipital white matter in 3 and mild thinning of posterior body of corpus callosum in 2 and slightly decreased volume of cerebellar vermis in 1. Comparison of the numbers of abnormal findings revealed that regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) abnormalities seen on SPECT were more numerous than anatomical abnormalities seen on MRI. In conclusion, extensive perfusion impairment involving cerebellum, thalami and parietal lobe were found in this study. SPECT may be more sensitive in reflecting pathophysiology of autism than MRI. However, further studies are mandatory to determine the significance of thalamic and parietal perfusion impairment in autism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.43-43
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• 2003

목적 : 남, 여 ADHD 환자에서 뇌 혈류상태의 차이점을 알아보기 위하여, 다른 정신과적 질환이 없는 ADHD 환자의 SPECT 뇌혈류 영상에 대하여 SPM을 통한 뇌 혈류상태의 차이점을 비교분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 남자 ADHD 환자군 51 명 (4-11세, 평균 9.0세)과 정상군 8명(6-17세, 평균, 9.6세) 그리고, 여자 ADHD 환자군 13명(6-12세 평균 9.0세)과 정상군 4 명(6-12세 평균 9.0세)의 SPECT영상을 비교분석하였다. 방사성의약품 $^{99m}$ Tc-ECD 0.33mCi/kg을 환자의 정맥내에 주사하고 30분후 잠을 재운상태에서 Multi SPECT3 camera를 이용하여 영상을 기록하였다. Matlab을 이용한 SPM program에서 남여별 ADHD환자의 뇌혈류지도 영상을 비교하였으며, BOLD(blood oxygenation level dependent effect) data plotting을 이용하여 혈류증가율과 감소율을 분석하였다. 결과 : 1) 남자 ADHD환자군의 혈류증가부위의 경우, P<0.02 에서 대상회전 (cingulate gyrus)이 나타나 P<0.05까지 한 부위에서만 나타났으며, 정상군에 비하여 15.61%의 혈류증가율을 나타내었다. 혈류감소부위로는 P<0.004에서 좌측 대뇌 도이랑 (insula gyrus), P<0.005에서 우측 대뇌 측두엽이랑, P<0.007에서는 우측 대뇌 전두엽아래이랑에서 각각 감소되었으며 P<0.01에서는 좌측 대뇌 전두엽 아래이랑에서도 나타났다. ADHD 환자군은 정상군에 비하여 각각의 클러스터에서 평균 14.97-15.28%의 혈류 감소율을 보였다. 뇌 혈류의 증가율과 감소율은 유의 수준변화에 영향을 받지 않았다. 2) 여자 ADHD환자의 혈류증가의 경우 P<0.003에서 소뇌 후엽 중앙부위, P<0.005에서는 좌측 대뇌 변연엽, P<0.009에서는 좌측 대뇌 측두엽 그리고 P<0.02에서는 소뇌 후엽을 비롯하여 9개부분에서 혈류증가 클러스터가 나타났으며, ADHD환자군은 정상군에 비하여 24.68-31.25%의 혈류증가율을 나타내었다. 혈류감소를 나타낸 부위로는 P<0.001에서 좌측 대뇌의 렌즈핵(lentiform nucleus), P<0.003에서 우측 대뇌의 렌즈핵 그리고 P<0.005에서 P<0.01까지 좌측 대뇌 측두엽중심에서 나타났다. 각각의 클러스터에서 평균 혈류감소율은 30.57-30.84%이었다. 결론 : 남여ADHD 환자의 혈류 증가와 감소부위는 서로 일치하지 않았으며 여자의 경우 혈류 증가와 감소율이 남자보다 더 크게 나타나, ADHD환자의 SPECT를 이용한 분석에서 남여환자를 동시에 분석하는 것 보다는 남여환자를 구분하여 실시하는 것이 더욱 정확한 진단정보를 제공할 수 있다고 판단된다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.312-321
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• 2000

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion (CCH) was helpful in discriminating mesial from lateral temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and what other factors were related in the development of CCH on ictal brain SPECT. Materials and Methods: We conducted retrospective analysis in 59 patients with TLE (M:41, F:18; $27.4{\pm}7.8$ years old; mesial TLE: 51, lateral TLE: 8), which was confirmed by invasive EEG and surgical outcome (Engel class I, II). All the patients underwent ictal Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT and their injection time from ictal EEG onset on video EEG monitoring ranged from 11 sec to 75 sec ($32.6{\pm}19.5sec$) in 39 patients. Multiple factors including age, TLE subtype (mesial TLE or lateral TLE), propagation pattern (hyperperfusion localized to temporal lobes, spread to adjacent lobes or contralateral hemisphere) and injection time were evaluated for their relationship with CCH using multiple logistic regression analysis Results: CCH was observed in 18 among 59 patients. CCH developed in 29% (15/51) of mesial TLE patients and 38% (3/8) of lateral TLE patients. CCH was associated with propagation pattern; no CCH (0/13) in patients with hyperperfusion localized to temporal lobe, 30% (7/23) in patients with propagation to adjacent lobes, 48% (11/23) to contralateral hemisphere. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that propagation pattern (p=0.01) and age (p=0.02) were related to the development of CCH. Conclusion: Crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion in ictal brain SPECT did not help differentiate mesial from lateral temporal lobe epilepsy. Crossed cerebellar hyperperfusion was associated with propagation pattern of temporal lobe epilepsy and age.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-261
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• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the normal values of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) in normal children to aged volunteers using Tc-99m HMPAO, Materials and Methods: Thirty four right-handed normal volunteers (20 males, 14 females, mean age $40.3{\pm}24.9$ years, range 4 to 82 years) were underwent rost/acetazolamide (ACZ) brain SPECT using Tc-99m HMPAO and the sequential injection and subtraction method. rCBF was estimated on the basis of a semiquantitative approach by means of right/left ratio, region/cerebellum and region to whole brain ratios in (rental, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebellum. CVR was measured by means of % perfusion increase calculated as % mean count change compared to rest rCBF in each regions. Results: Mean values of right to left ratios range from 1.004 to 1.018, rCBF was highest in cerebellum and lowest in basal ganglia and thalami. Frontal and temporal rCBF decreased while occipital and thalamic rCBF increased according to age. No sexual difference of rCBF was noted. Mean CVR was $29.9{\pm}12.9%$. Mean CVR significantly increased to late teens, and declined thereafter. After 6th decade, CVR in both frontal lobes, left parietal lobe and right basal ganglia decreased significantly with advancing age. There was no sexual difference of CVR. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of CVR was possible by ACZ Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT. It revealed that rCBF and CVR changed according to age in normal Korean volunteers. There was no sexual difference.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.238-249
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• 1998

Purpose: To localize and compare the neural basis of verbal and visual human working memory, we performed functional activation study using $H_2^{15}O$ PET. Materials and Methods: Repeated $H_2^{15}O$ PET scans with one control and three different activation tasks were performed on six right-handed normal volunteers. Each activation task was composed of 13 match-ing trials. On each trial, four targets, a fixation dot and a probe were presented sequentially and subject's task was to press a response button to indicate whether or not the probe was one of the previous targets. Short meaningful Korean words, simple drawings and monochromic pictures of human faces were used as matching objects for verbal or visual memory. All the images were spatially normalized and the differences between control and activation states were statistically analyzed using SPM96. Results: Statistical analysis of verbal memory activation with short words showed activation in the left Broca's area, promoter cortex, cerebellum and right cingulate gyrus. In verbal memory with simple drawings, activation was shown in the larger regions including where activated with short words and left superior temporal cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, anterior portion of right superior temporal gyrus and right infero-lateral frontal cortex. On the other hand, the visual memory task activated predominantly right-sided structures, especially inferior frontal cortex, supplementary motor cortex and superior parietal cortex. Conclusion: The results are consistent with the hypothesis of the laterality and dissociation of the verbal and visual working memory from the invasive electrophysiological studies and emphasize the pivotal role of frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus in working memory system.