• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 1989

Effect of pH variation in starting solution for the making of hydroxyapatite powder was studied in relation to the sinterability of the powder and their mechanical properties of the sintered hydroxyapatite ceramics. The sinterability of hydroxyapatite powder prepared at different pH was found to be improved with increase in pH value of the starting solutions. Thus the powders prepared from the higher pH solutions including 10.5, 11.0 and 11.5 could be well densified almost upto theoretical density by firing for 1 hr at 1,00$0^{\circ}C$. But the powder based on pH 10 exhibited less sinterability even being fired at much higher temperature of 1,10$0^{\circ}C$, it gave only 90-95% of theoretical density. On the other hand the powder prepared on the lowest pH value 9.5 could not be well densified and it could obtain only 78% of theoretical density even by firing at 1,30$0^{\circ}C$ for 1hr. It was found that prismatic crystals of whitlockite were always included in the sintered bodies based on the lower pH values as a minority crystalline phase together with the major crystalline phase of hydroxyapatite and its inclusion might impair the sinterability of powder. However in the case of the higher pH, the powder contained only hydroxyapatite as a crystalline phase on sintering without any minorities. The sphere shape of crystals might help effectively the densification of the bodies. The best mechanical properties could be obtained from the body of pH 11 sintered at 1,10$0^{\circ}C$, which gave 99.5% of theoretical density, 662Kg/$\textrm{mm}^2$ of vickers hardness and 1,352Kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of diameteral compression strength.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.423-437
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• 1989

Al2O3/ZrO2 composites were prepared by precipitation method using Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, ZrOCl2.8H2O and YCl3.6H2O as starting materials and NH4OH as a precipitation agent. Al2O3/ZrO2 composites(series A) were prepared by mixing Al2O3 powder obtained by single precipitation method with ZrO2(＋3m/o Y2O3) powder obtained by co-predipitation method. Al2O3/ZrO2 composites (series B) were prepared by co-precipitation method using the three starting materials. In all cases, the composition was controlled as Al2O3-15v/o ZrO2(＋3m/o Y2O3). The composites of series A showed higher final relative densities than those of series B and tetagonal ZrO2 in all cases was retained to about 95% at room temperature. ZrO2 particles were coalesced more rapidly in grain boundary of Al2O3 than within Al2O3 grain. ZrO2 particles were located at 3-and 4-grain junction of Al2O3 and limited the grain growth of Al2O3. It was observed that MgO contributed to densification of Al2O3 but limited grain growth of Al2O3 by MgO was not remarkable. In all Al2O3/ZrO2 composites, exaggerated grain growth of Al2O3 was not observed and Al2O3/ZrO2 composites were found to have homogeneous microstructures.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.438-444
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• 1989

The role of TiC and the effect of Y2O3 addition on the densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3-TiC composite have been studied. The amount of Y2O3 has been varied from 0 to 2 wt.% while keeping the TiC content at 10, 20 or 30 wt.%. The powder compacts have been sintered at 1,75$0^{\circ}C$ for various times in 1 atm Ar atmosphere and hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) at 1,$600^{\circ}C$ for 0.5h under 1,500atm Ar. Considerable increase in sintered density(over 95%) has been achieved by adding 0.5 wt.% Y2O3 in specimens containing high TiC volume. More addition of Y2O3 does not affect the densification. With increasing the sintering time from 0.5 to 4h, slight increase in density results. The growth of Al2O3 grain has been enhanced by Y2O3 addition ; this tendency is reduced with increasing TiC content because of grain boundary dragging effect of TiC particles. The hardness of specimens increases considerably by an addition of 0.5wt.% Y2O3 owing to the density increase. Further addition of Y2O3 has no effect on hardness. Fracture toughness augments with TiC content by crack deflection around the particles. By adding 0.5wt.% Y2O3, all the specimens can be densified to isolated pore stage and thus can be HIPed to full densification and better mechanical property. In particular, the fracture toughness of Al2O3-30 TiC specimen increases about 50% by HIPing. Fully dense Al2O3-30 TiC with good mechanical properties can be prepared by normal Sintering/HIPing process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.625-625
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• 1991

The specimens for the corrosion test were made by hot-pressing of SiC power with 2 wt% Nl2O3 and 10wt% Al2O3 additions at 2000℃ and 2050℃. The specimens were corroded in 37 mole% NaCl and 63 mole% Na2SO4 salt mixture at 1000℃ up to 60 min. SiO2 layer was formed on SiC and then this oxide layer was dissolved by Na2O ion in the salt mixture. The rate of corrosion of the specimen containing 10 wt% Al2O3 was slower than that of the specimen containing 2 wt% Al2O3. This is due to the presence of continuous grain boundary phase in the specimen containing 10 wt% Al2O3. The oxidation of SiC produced gas bubbles at the SiC-SiO2 interface. The rate of corrosion follows a linear rate law up to 50 min. and then was accelerated. This acceleration is due to the disruption oxide layer by the gas evolution at SiC-SiO2 interface. Pitting corrosion has found at open pores and grain boundaries.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1106-1112
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• 2003

For the purpose of making clear the role of oxygen in the thermoelectric properties of FeSi$_2$, thermoelectric measurements and spectroscopic characterization were conducted for the oxidized specimens fabricated from ($\alpha$+$\varepsilon$)-phases and/or $\beta$-phase. Addition of oxygen to FeSi$_2$ prevented both densification during sintering and transformation from metallic phases to semiconducting phase during annealing treatment. In an specimens, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity decreased with oxidation time. The Seebeck coefficient was positive and small for pure FeSi$_2$. And/or the oxidized specimens fabricated from ($\alpha$+$\varepsilon$)-phases. However, it was negative and showed a maximum peak at about 500 K for the oxidized FeSi$_2$ fabricated from $\beta$-phase. The value of maximum peak increased with oxidation time.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.381-386
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• 2007

A porous reaction bonded silicon carbide (RBSC) was fabricated by a molten Si infiltration method. The porosity and flexural strength of porous RBSC fabricated in this study were dependent upon the amount of carbon source used in the SiC/carbon preform as well as the amount of Si infiltrated into the SiC/carbon preform. The porosity and flexural strength of porous RBSC were in the range of $20 vo1.{\sim}49 vo1.%$ and $38{\sim}61 MPa$, respectively. With increase of carbon contents and molten Si for infiltration, volume fraction of the pores was gradually decreased, and flexural strength was increased. The porous RBSCs fabricated with the same amount of molten Si show less residual Si around neck with increase of carbon source, as well as a new SiC was formed around neck which resulted in the decreased porosity and improvement of the flexural strength. In addition, decrease of the porosity and increase of the flexural strength were also obtained by increase of the amount of molten Si with the same amount of carbon source. However, it was found that the flexural strength of porous RBSC depends on the porosity rather than the amount of the newly formed SiC in neck phase between SiC particles used as a starting material.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.528-534
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• 2012

In this study, the densification behavior and microstructural evolution of CuO were examined when this material was sintered at different temperatures in $O_2$, air and Ar atmospheres. The CuO samples maintained their phases even after prolonged sintering at $900-1100^{\circ}C$ in an oxygen atmosphere. When sintering in air, the densification was faster than it was when sintering in oxygen. However, when the samples were sintered at $1100^{\circ}C$, large pores were observed in the sample due to the phase transformation from CuO to $Cu_2O$ which accompanies the generation of oxygen gas. The pore channels in the sample became narrower as the sintering time increased, eventually undergoing a Rayleigh breakup and forming discrete isolated pores. On the other hand, CuO sintering in Ar did not contribute to the densification, as all CuO samples underwent a phase transformation to $Cu_2O$ during the heating process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.608-613
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• 2012

We investigated the property changes of MgO powders sintered at temperatures ranging from $700^{\circ}C$ to $1900^{\circ}C$ for 5minutes at a pressure of 2.7 GPa for a high-pressure high-temperature(HPHT) diamond synthesis process. The physical properties of the sintered MgO powders were characterized by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Vickers hardness tests, and by the apparent density, and X-ray diffractometry. An optical micro-analysis showed that white MgO powders became black after sintering due to carbon contamination from the graphite heat source. FE-SEM revealed the growth in the grain size of the MgO powders from $0.3{\mu}m$ to $50{\mu}m$ after sintering at $1700^{\circ}C$. The hardness and apparent density increased to $1800^{\circ}C$ while the samples were dedensified at $1900^{\circ}C$ due to the growth of isolated pores. According to the XRD analysis, no phase transformation occurred in the MgO powders. These results suggest that HPHT-sintered MgO powders can show an accelerated sintering process characterized by grain neck growth, pore connections, isolated pore growth and dedensification in 5 minutes, while these processes with the conventional sintering process take at least 5 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.586-591
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• 2012

$Zr_2WP_2O_{12}$ powder, which has a negative thermal expansion coefficient, was synthesized by a solid-state reaction with $ZrO_2$, $WO_3$ and $NH_4H_2PO_4$ as the starting materials. The synthesis behavior was dependent on the solvent media used in the wet mixing process. The $Zr_2WP_2O_{12}$ powder prepared with a solvent consisting of D. I. water was fully crystallized at $1200^{\circ}C$, showing a sub-micron particle size. According to the results obtained from a thermal analysis, a $ZrP_2O_7$ was synthesized at a low temperature of $310^{\circ}C$, after which it was reacted with $WO_3$ at $1200^{\circ}C$. A new sintering additive, $Al(OH)_3$, was applied for the densification of the $Zr_2WP_2O_{12}$ powders. The cold isostatically pressed samples were densified with 1 wt% $Al(OH)_3$ additive or more at $1200^{\circ}C$ for 4 h. The main densification mechanism was liquid-phase sintering due to the liquid which resulted from the reaction with amorphous or unstable $Al_2O_3$ and $WO_3$. The densified $Zr_2WP_2O_{12}$ ceramics showed a relative density of 90% and a negative thermal expansion coefficient of $-3.4{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$. When using ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ as the sintering agent, densification was not observed at $1200^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.418-425
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• 2011

In this study, a high energy ball milling process was introduced in order to improve the densification of direct nitrided AlN powder. The sintering behavior and thermal conductivity of the AlN milled powder was investigated. The mixture of AlN powder and 5 wt% $Y_2O_3$ as a sintering additive was pulverized and dispersed by a bead mill with very small $ZrO_2$ bead media. The milled powders were sintered at $1700^{\circ}C-1800^{\circ}C$ for 4 h under $N_2$ atmosphere. The results showed that the sintered density was enhanced with increasing milling time due to the particle refinement as well as the increase in oxygen contents. Appropriate milling time was effective for the improvement of thermal conductivity, but the extensive millied powder formed more fractions of secondary phase during sintering, resulted in the decrease in thermal conductivity. The AlN powder milled for 10min after sintering at $1800^{\circ}C$ revealed the highest thermal conductivity, of 164W/$m{\cdot}K$ in tne densified AlN sintered at $1800^{\circ}C$.