• Development and Reproduction
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2000

Sex differentiation process of the spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, was investigated by histological method. The fish samples were collected from just after hatching to 365 days later. The primordial germ cells and genital ridge were appeared separately hanging under air bladder in 30-day larva (total length: 11.7~13.2 mm), and were unified into the undifferentiated gonads in 40-day larva (12.5~14.0 mm). The ovarian differentiation was started in 60-day juvenile (23.6~27.0 mm). The somatic tissues were elongated in tip of both ends of undifferentiated gonad and were fused each other. The complete ovarian cavity was appeared in 80-days juvenile(33.1~42.5 mm). The testicular differentiation was initiated in 70-day juvenile (24.8~31.6 mm). The rudiment of sperm duct was appeared in the center of the undifferentiated gonad. The meiosis of germ cells in the ovary was started in 168-day juvenile (88.0~115.4 mm). In 287-day juvenile (175.1~233.6 mm), the ovary was filled with both of chromatin stage and perinucleolus stage oocytes. The meiosis of male germ cells was started in 245-day juvenile (124.4~168.3 mm). However, the seminiferous tubules of testis were filled with numerous sperm in 365-day juvenile (162.5~253.8 mm). The sex ratio of male and female was 1:1.38. Considering these results, the spotted sea bass was showed differentiated type in sex differentiation and gonochorism in sexuality.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 1995

The herbicidal activity of thiocarbamate herbicides and its effect on cell division and elongation were determined. The herbicides studied were molinate(S-ethyl-N,N-hexamethylenethiocarbamate), dimepiperate [S-(${\alpha}$,${\alpha}$-di methylbenzyle)piperidine-1-carbothioate], esprocarb [S-benzyl-N-ethyl-N-(1,2-dimethylpropyl) thiocarbamate], and thiobencarb [S-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N, N-diethylthiocarbamate]. The herbicides applied at the rates ranged from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-5}M$ did not affect germination and post-germination root growth of rice(Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) P. Beauv.], but inhibited the post-germination shoot growth. There was no inhibition of gibberellin-induced ${\alpha}$-amylase biosynthesis in de-embryonated rice seeds by the herbicides at $10^{-5}M$, but about 50-60% inhibition occurred at $10^{-4}M$. When the herbicides were applied 7 days after seeding, the rates required to 50% growth inhibition of barnyardgrass were 146g, 91g, 96g, and 102g ai/10a for molinate, dimepiperate, esprocarb, and thiobencarb, respectively. No effect of the herbicides on cell division was found at $10^{-4}M$, but about 31 to 47% inhibition as compared with the untreated check was obtained by treatment of the herbicides at $10^{-3}M$. However, about 33 to 38% inhibition of cell elongation occurred at $10^{-5}M$ of the herbicides. They also inhibited IAA-induced cell elongation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2004

When U. unicinctus mature oocytes were fertilized in vitro, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and meioses occurred and the zygotes entered cleavage stage. A modified pattern of spiral cleavages, suggestively based on behavior of mitotic spindles, have been observed in this work. The first and second cleavages were meridional and the third was equatorial, and then followed by repetitions of meridional-equatorial cleavage. The cleavage of the isolecithal egg were equal and holoblastic and its patterns were spiral. The anti-${\alpha}-,-{\beta}$- tubulin reactions and confocal microscopy revealed mitotic apparates tilted obliquely at each mitosis causing oblique displacements of the blastomeres. Despite isolecithal distribution of yolk, this observations implicated that tilting of mitotic apparates induced spiral cleavage and the displacements of blastomeres. However, these features would not be the typical spiral cleavage, but represented a modified pattern of known Spiralian s in the sense of the equal cleavage. During the first cleavage, heart-shaped eggs have been produced. Electron microscopies exhibited the first cleavage furrow extended with its membranous structure deeply into the cytoplasm. Contractile ring has not been observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1973

This experiment was done to investigate the growth and the fine structural changes of Bacillus subtilis which were influenced by the penicillin with electromicroscope. The results were as follows; 1) The higher the concentration of penicillin the more prominent inhibition of the growth was observed. 2) The septa was not formed, derangements of synthesis of cell wall and cell membrane. 3) Cytoplasm was increased with swelling of cell body because of weakness of cell membrane induced by deranged synthesis of cell membrane. Some of the cells showed disruption of their membrane with loss of cytoplasm, remaining empty space, which suggest loss of cell function. 4) It can be suggested that penicillin had affected on the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis, and inhibited growth of the cell by deranging the formation of the cell wall.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.69-70
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• 2003

According to topographical methods, the chicken spermatogonia was located in basal membrane of seminiferous tubules. It has large nuclei and mitochondria and proliferated with cellular bridges. Immunohistochemistry data showed that anti-SSEA-1 antibody specifically reacted with $\textrm{A}_{pr}$ and $\textrm{A}_{al}$ type spermatogonia. Lectin, STA and integrin-6, -1 were also specific to $\textrm{A}_{s}$ type spermatogonia.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.610-620
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• 2003

Background : 3p deletion has been shown to be the most frequently occurring change in lung cancers, suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in this region. Recent attention has focused on a candidate 3p14.2 tumor suppressor gene, FHIT. Therefore, the association of the expression of FHIT, with apoptosis, cell proliferation cycle and the clinicopathological features, including survival, were investigated Materials and Methods : 83 patients with non-small cell lung cancer, who underwent curative operation, between Jan. 1996 and Aug. 2000, at the Wonkwang university hospital, were analyzed. The expression of the FHIT was identified by immunohistochemical staining, and rate of apoptosis and cell proliferation cycle by flow cytometry. Results : 43% (36/83) of patients exhibited no FHIT expression. The rates of FHIT loss were 52% (28/54), 22% (5/23), 50% (3/6); 30% (11/37), 48% (16/33), 69% (9/13); 54% (30/56) and 22% (6/27), in squamous cell cancers, adenocarcinomas, large cell cancers, TNM stages I, II and III, smokers and non-smokers, respectively. All the differences in FHIT loss rates, according to the histopathology, TNM stages and smoking habits, were statistically significant. The median survival time and 2-year survival rate of the FHIT(-) group were 24 months and 44%, and those of the FHIT(+) group were 25 months and 51% (p>0.05), respectively. The apoptotic rate of the FHIT(-) and FHIT(+) groups were 50.72 (${\pm}13.93$) and 59.38 (${\pm}14.33$)%, respectively (p=0.01). The S- and G1-phase fractions of the FHIT(-) and FHIT(+) groups were 13.93 (${\pm}7.35$) and $51.50({\pm}23.15$)% and 15.65(${\pm}6.59$) and 54.16 (${\pm}20.25$)%, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion : The loss of FHIT expression was increased to a greater extent with advancing TNM stage, smoking habits and squamous cell cancer compared to the adenocarcinomas. However, no survival differences were found according to the expression of FHIT. The apoptotic rate of the FHIT(+) group was greater than in the FHIT(-) group, but differences in the S- and G1-phase fractions, according to the expression of the FHIT, were not found.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.245-249
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• 1986

The present study has been carried out to investigate the optimal condition on the blastogenesis of guinea pig lymphocytes. A microculture system in conjunction with a semiautomatic multiple sample harvester(SAMSH) was used to study the in vito optimal condition of guinea pig lymphocytes. Data were presented to show many variables that are Involved in studying the responses of guinea pig lymphocyte in a microculture system to the stimulation of Concanavalin A(Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal Con A as measured by incorporation of $^3H$-TdR include : (1) use of RPMI-1640 as culture medium, (2) use of $6{\mu}g$ of Con A, per culture, (3) use of $1{\times}10^6$ cells per culture. Conditions for optimal stimulation with LPS mitogen were similar to those used for Con A.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1230-1238
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• 2013

The regulatory effect of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 on the apoptogenic activity of $17{\alpha}$-estradiol ($17{\alpha}-E_2$) was compared between HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) and HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells. When the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) and HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells were treated with $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}M$ $17{\alpha}-E_2$ for 48 h or with $10{\mu}M$for various time periods, cytotoxicity and an apoptotic sub-$G_1$ peak were induced in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells were much less sensitive to the apoptotic effect of $17{\alpha}-E_2$. Although $17{\alpha}-E_2$ induced aberrant mitotic spindle organization and incomplete chromosome congregation at the equatorial plate, $G_2/M$ arrest was induced to a similar extent in both cell types. In addition, $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced activation of Bak and Bax, ${\Delta}{\Psi}m$ loss, and PARP degradation were more dominant in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) than in the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells. In accordance with enhancement of p53 phosphorylation (Ser-15) and p53 levels, p21 and Bax levels were elevated in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) cells treated with $17{\alpha}-E_2$. The HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells exhibited barely or undetectable levels of p21 and Bax, regardless of $17{\alpha}-E_2$ treatment. On the other hand, although the level of Bcl-2 was slightly lower in the HCT116 ($p53^{+/+}$) than in the HCT116 ($p53^{-/-}$) cells, it remained relatively constant after the $17{\alpha}-E_2$ treatment. Together, these results show that among the components of the $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced apoptotic-signaling pathway, which proceeds through mitotic spindle defects causing mitotic arrest, subsequent activation of Bak and Bax and the mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade, leading to PARP degradation, $17{\alpha}-E_2$-induced activation of Bak and Bax is the upstream target of proapoptotic action of p53.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.353-359
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' is one of the most popular peach varieties in Korea. This study was conducted to monitor the developments of cells and tissues, and the changes in sugar contents during fruit growth and development. At bloom, there were two rows of vascular tissues, and the number and the position of internal vascular bundles were consistent during the fruit growth, however, the number of vascular tissues were increased and the distribution was irregular in the flesh tissues. The tissues between the inner integument and the internal vascular bundles showed different development characteristics from other parenchyma cells which were consisted of small and dense cells containing tannins. Such observation suggested that the stone of peach was consisted of inner epidermis and cells in the internal vascular tissues. The outer epidermis consisted of single layer cells at bloom differrentiated into 1-2 layers by horizontal cell divisions on 14 days after full bloom. On 30 days after full bloom, the epidermis was consisted of 5-6 layers by vertical cell divisions. The cell layers consisting the outer epidermis were gradually decreased to 1-2 layers at maturity. The observations on the changes in the epidermis confirmed that some of the cells consisting the hypodermis of peach fruit were originated from the cells of outer epidermis. Tylosis was observed from 35 days after full bloom and the size and number of tylosis were increased until full fruit maturity. The sucrose content showed the tendency of sharp increase from 50 days to 120 days after full bloom then decrease slightly. After when stone hardening ended, other solids showed a gradual decrease tendency from 80 days after full bloom.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.462-469
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• 2013

Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone purified from the Indian medicinal plant Withania somnifera. It exhibits a wide variety of activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulation properties. In this review, we focused on the anti-cancer effects of withaferin A. Withaferin A inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and angiogenesis in cancer cells. Furthermore, it sensitized irradiation, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-, and doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis. The results showed that multiple mechanisms were involved in withaferin A-mediated anti-cancer effects. First, withaferin A increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induced ER stress- and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Second, withaferin A inhibited the signaling pathways (Jak/STAT, Akt, Notch, and c-Met), which are important in cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Third, it induced apoptosis and inhibited cancer cell migration through the up-regulation of prostate apoptosis protein-4 (Par-4). Finally, withaferin A up-regulated pro-apoptotic protein expression levels through the inhibition of proteasome activity. Our findings suggested that withaferin A is a potential, potent therapeutic agent.