• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.83-100
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• 2007

목적 : 쥐의 콜라겐 유도 관절염에 대한 유근피 추출액의 면역 반응 효과 및 그 기전을 살펴보고자 하였다. 방법 : 유근피 추출액의 면역 반응을 관찰하기 위하여 콜라겐 유도 관절염 쥐가 사용되었다. 실험에 쓰인 쥐 뒷다리의 부종 용적은 volume meter로 측정하였고, lymphocyte 증식, 표1, 표2 및 TNF-${\alpha}$ 레벨은 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolirun bromide(MTT) assay에의해 측정하였다. 활막세포의 cAMP 레벨은 경쟁적 단백 결합검사 (CPBA)를 통하여 측정하였다. 2형 콜라겐에 대한 항체는 효소면역 협착검사법(ELISA)을 반복 사용하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 실험에서 유근피 추출액( 20， 80, 150mg/kg, ig ${\times}$ 7days)의 시술은 면역 반응을 억제하고 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐의 체중과 면역 기관의 무게를 유지하였다. 콜라겐 유도 관절염 쥐에서 림프구의 증식과 IL-2의 생산은 복막의 대식세포 및 활막세포의 IL-1 , TNF-${\alpha}$와 함께 증가하였고, 유근피 추출액 (20, 80, 150mg/kg, ig ${\times}$ 7days)의 시술은 이러한 변화를 유의성 있게 감소시켰다. 0.5, 2.5, 12.5, 62.5, 125mg/l 농도에서의 유근피 추출액은 활막세포의 cAMP 레벨을 증가시킨데 반해 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐에서의 시험관 실험결과에서는 감소시켰다. 유근피 추출액은 2형 콜라겐 항체의 농도에 대하여는 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 유근피 추출액은 항염증 작용과 면역조절 작용을 갖고 있고, 활막세포의 G protein-AC-cAMP transmembrane signal transduction 형질 도입 신호에의한 콜라겐 유도관절염 쥐의 치료 효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 여겨진다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.355-365
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the distribution and differentiation on the immunoreacted cells of the ChAT (choline acetyltransferase) at the Meynert basal nucleus of the forebrains in the growth periods of rat, using the immunohistochemistric method. According to the cell shape and the ratio of long axis vs short axis of cell soma, the ChAT antibody reacted nerve cells in the Meynert basal nucleus of the rats were classified into six types. In the adult rats, the FD (frequency distributions) of round, oval and elongated cells were maximum. The FD of these types were shown to be progressively decreased during the postnatal development. In addition, the FD of elongated nerve cells in were observed in the adult rats respectively. This was thought to be the same phenomenon as those in the round and oval cells . The total mean volume of ChAT antibody reacted cell somata was lowest in the PND (postnatal days) 7 rats and was highest in the PND 21 rats. But, those were decreased to the adult. These results suggest that ChAT antibody reacted nerve cells grow up to PND 21 and then, differentiate into the various types by neurites outgrowing. On the electron micrography, the adult rat forebrain cells were obtained to be well developed ribosomes, polysomes , rough endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria. The immunreactivities were observed in ribosomes, polysomes, rough endoplasmic reticula and outer membrane of mitochondria. Golgi complexes were poorly developed and not showed jmmunreactivity. The ribosomes , polysomes and endoplasmic reticula are considered to be closely related to the inter cellular localization and biosynthesis of the ChAT but not Golgi complex. According to the results in the present study, it is considered that the ChAT-immunoreacted nerve cells in the Meynert basal nucleus of the rat forebrains are differentiated throughout the postnatal development with following processes of changes; 1) the cholinergic nerve cells develop postnatally 2) cell soma volumes gradually increase during the early postnatal days 3) and then, cells differentiate into the various types by projecting the neurites to the appropriate area after PND 21.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.16.2-16
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• 1982

The palatine tonsils which are located in entrance of digestive and upper respiratory tracts are the most important organ in anatomical and functional structures of the pharyngeal lymphatic tissues. As for function of the tonsil, there have been many suspected theories that were included hematopoietic, hormonal, digestive function and production of vitamin, entry of bacteria with other antigenous materials and defence mechanism of which has taken charge by Virchow in 1860 in past. But among these theories, in recently, defence mechanism of the tonsil was strongly accepted immunologically. For the purpose of elucidating immune response of the tonsil, the author observed serum immunoglobulin levels, peripheral total lymphocyte counts and populations of T, B and Null lymphocytes before and after tonsillectomy in 30 cases of patients with chronic tonsillitis and 29 cases of healthy controls. The results obtained were as follows; 1) Serum Ig M level was significantly higher in patient group than in control group but was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. 2) Population of T-lymphocyte more significantly decreased in patient group than in control group but it was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. 3) Population of B-lymphocyte more significiantly increased in patient group than in control group but it was not significantly different preoperative from postoperative patient group. On the basis of these results, it may be suggested that tonsil play partially a role in the immune response of human.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess changes in neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the small intestine of rats fed high-fat diets (HFD). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200~250 g body weight) were randomly divided into two groups, which were the control group (normal chow diet for 6 weeks), and the HFD group (rodent diet with 60% kcal fat for 6 weeks). The immunoreactivity of NPY in the hypothalamus and ICC in the small intestine was evaluated after every feed for 6 weeks. Results: NPY immunoreactivity was observed strongly in the hypothalamic nuclei in the HFD group compared to the control group. The numbers of NPY-immunoreactive (IR) cells were significantly higher in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in the HFD group than in the control group. In the region of Auerbach's plexus (AP) of small intestine, the staining intensity of the ICC-IR cells was reduced in the HFD group compared to the control group. The numbers of ICC in the small intestine with HFD, including ICC in the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle were significantly lower than in the control group. Conclusion: This study suggested that increasing NPY-IR cells in the hypothalamus may reflect resistance of NPY action after a HFD, and decreasing ICC-IR cells in the small intestine after a HFD is functionally significant in gastrointestinal motility.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2000

The immunostimulatory effects of quaternary ammonium compounds(QACs) were investigated in leucocytes of eel(Anguilla japonica) in vitro. Proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBLs) was no significantly affected by QACs, regardless of mitogen(PHA, ConA and LPS) and the concentration of QACs added. QACs heightened the leucocytes function such as respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis and pinocytosis, resulting in significantly increased the bactericidal activity of macrophages. These results suggested that QAC might modulate the immune responses by activation of leucocytes function but not by increment of immunocompetent cell numbers.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.377-383
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• 2021

In this study, we investigated in vitro immunostimulatory activity of fruit extracts from Pyrus ussuriensis var. hakunensis (Nakai) T.B. Lee (PUF) using mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. PUF increased the production of immunostimulatory factors such as NO, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. The inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 blocked PUF-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the inhibition of MAPKs signaling pathway reduced PUF-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors. From these results, PUF may have immunostimulatory activity via TLR2/4-mediated activation of MAPKs signaling pathway. Therefore, PUF expected to be used as a potential immune-enhancing agent.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2002

Methods for automatic tuning of PID controllers have been on of the results of the active research on control. The proposed controller also is auto-tuning of PID controller The proposed immune algorithm has an uncomplicated structure and memory-cell mechanism as the optimization algorithm which imitates the principle of humoral immune response. We use the proposed algorithm to solve optimization of PID controller parameters. Up to now, the applications of immune algorithm have been optimization problems with non-varying system parameters. Therefore the usefulness of memory-cell mechanism in immune algorithm is without. And research of memory-cell mechanism does not give us entire satisfaction. This paper proposes the immune algorithm using a memory-cell mechanism which can be the application of system with nonlinear varying parameters. To verify performance of the proposed immune algorithm, the speed control of nonlinear DC motor are performed. The results of Computer simulations represent that the proposed immune algorithm shows a fast convergence speed and a good control performances under the varying system parameters.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.334-342
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• 1992

Background: The activated T lymphocyte by inhalaed mycobacterial antigen may evoke cell-mediated immunity in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. These activated lymphocyte may influence the response of tuberculin-purified protein derivative (PPD) in skin test. But occasionally, anergy to PPD appear in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in spite of active stage. Thus we evaluated the effect of change of subtypes of lymphocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) and peripheral blood on anergy to PPD in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Method: We performed tuberculin skin test and flow-cytometry analysis of lymphocytes obtained from BAL fluid and peripheral blood in 11 healthy normal volunteers and 20 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Results: 1) The composition of lymphocyte significantly increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis when compared with that in healthy control ($25.2{\pm}4.8$ vs $6.5{\pm}1.3%$, p<0.01), but composition of monocyte significantly decreased ($69.6{\pm}5.7$ vs $89.2{\pm}1.4%$, p<0.05) in analysis of BAL fluid. 2) There were no differences in compositions of cells in BAL fluid between responders and no-responders to PPD. 3) The compositions of CD3 (+), CD4 (+), CD3 (+) IL-2R (+), CD3 (+) HLA-DR (+) significantly increased in BAL fluid when compared with those in peripheral blood in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. But the composition of CDS (+), CD4/CDS were not different between BAL fluid and peripheral blood. 4) There were no correlations between response to PPD and compositions of cells and lymphocyte subtypes in BAL fluid and peripheral blood in all patients with tuberculosis, responders, and no-responders, respectively. Conclusion: From these results, we suggest no direct relationship between compositions of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and we could not rule out the possibility of compartmentalization of activated lymphocyte involving in anergy to PPD in skin test in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 1998

An Immunostimulating polysaccharide was produced from the suspension culture of Angelica gigas H4, plant cells. In order to enhance the polysaccharide production by the A. gigas cell culture, medium composition and physical conditions were optimized. Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium was selected as an optimal basal medium for the growth of A. gigas. The maximum cell and polysaccharide concentration obtained in SH medium were 15.8 g DCW/l and 0.85 g polysaccharide/l, respectively, at $25^{\circ}C$ under dark condition. For the enhanced polysaccharide production, a polysaccharide production medium (PPM) was established by modifying Gamborg B5 medium with optimized carbon sources, growth regulators, organic and inorganic elements. Optimal initial pH and temperature were 6.0-6.6 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively, and the dark condition was better than the light condition. The maximum polysaccharide concentration of 1.5 g/l could be obtained through the optimization of the medium composition and physical conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1145-1150
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• 2000

면역증강물질을 생산하는 균주를 해수로부터 분리하여 동정한 결과 크림색의 둥근 점질성의 집략을 나타내었으며, Gram 음성의 간산형이고, 미약한 운동성을 가지며 catalase 양성과 oxidase 음성 반응을 보였다. 균주를 6시간 , 20시간, 72시간, 및 144시간 뱅양하여 전자 현미경사에서 관찰한 결과 20시간 배양한 영양세포는 1.25~0.6$\times$0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$ 크기의 간균 형태를 갖추었으며 시간이 흐를수록 세포내 관립의 밀도가 증가하면서 세포형태가 다형태성으로 변하였다. 세포내 과립의 존재를 확인하기 위해 sudan black B로 염색한 결과 양성으로 polyhy-droxy butyrate로 예상되었다. 생육을 위한 최적 온도는 3$0^{\circ}C$, pH는 3.0~10.0이었으며, 호기성균이었다. D-Glu-cose, D-mannose, D-mannitiol. insitol, maltose 등의 당과 L-asparagine, L-glutamate 등의 아미노산을 이용하였고 특시, O/F test에서 glucose와 maltose를 산화 하였다. 이상과 같은 결과로 해양세균 유래인 Pseudo-mallei group의 Burkholderia 속으로 확인되었음로 본 균주를 Burkholderia sp. IS-203으로 명명하였다.