• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 2009

SLE 등의 자가면역질환 병인론에 있어서 $CD4^+$ T 조력 림프구 (T helper cell)의 기능과 항상성 조절의 이상이 중요하다는 것은 알려진 사실이지만 $CD4^+$ T 조력 림프구 (T helper cell)의 발달과 기능에 대한 성호르몬의 정확한 역할에 대하여는 아직 확립되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 에스트로겐의 $CD4^+$ T 림프구에 대한 여러 방면의 작용에 대한 결과는 에스트로겐 매개 신호가 전달되는 정황에 매우 의존적이라고 할 수 있으며, 또한 에스트로겐이 B 림프구와 항원발현세포들 같이 T 림프구 기능을 변화시킬 수 있는 다른 분획 세포들의 기능에 대해서도 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 사실을 고려한다면, 에스트로겐이 $CD4^+$ T 림프구매개반응에 미치는 작용은 매우 복잡하다고 할 수 있다. 현재로선 이런 과정들과 관련된 에스트로겐의 정확한 기전에 대한 연구 성과는 현재로선 아직걸음마 단계에 지나지 않는다고 볼 수 있다. 일부 분자학적 표적들의 발견에도 불구하고 ER-$\alpha$와 ER-$\beta$, 또는 이런 표적들의 조절에 대한 유전자적 또는 비유전자적 경로의 상대적 역할에 대해서는 현재로선 알려진 바가 많지 않은 것 또한 사실이며, T 림프구 자체의 미세 환경과 ER 매개 전사반응에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 방법 역시 아직까진 알려진 바가 없다. 따라서 에스트로겐의 $CD4^+$ T 림프구에 대한 다각적 영향을 규명하는 데 있어 이런 경로들에 대한 보다 체계적이고 상세한 연구가 반드시 필요하다. 최근 골다공증의 병인에 있어 에스트로겐에 의한 TNF 및 RANK-RANKL계 억제에 대해 연구가 심도 있게 진행됨으로써 결과적으로 다른 시토카인과 면역세포들에 대한 영향이 간접적으로 규명되고 있는 점은 매우 고무적인 현상이라고 여겨진다. 이러한 연구들은 추후 에스트로겐의 면역 및 염증체계에 대한 특징적 작용을 규명하는데 있어서 밑거름이 될 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 호르몬 자체, 또는 SERM 같은 준호르몬제제들이 면역계에 미치는 영향을 분자학적으로 규명함으로써 향후 이러한 지식들이 또한 류마티스성 자가면역질환이나 만성염증성질환, 또는 전신성 감염질환에 있어 면역글로불린이나 기타 다른 기존 치료 약제들을 대체 보완할 수 있는 호르몬 치료로 이어질 수 있는 결정적인 단서를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 기대할 수 있을 것이다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1992

In order to observe the antigenic localization in the tissues of Paragonimus westermani of deve- lopmental stages, immunogoldlabeling method was applied using serum of the cats which were infected with isolated metacercariae from Cambaroides similis. The sectioned worm tissues from orch developmental stage were embedded in Lowicryl HM20 medium, stained with infected semi IgG and protein A gold complex(particle size: 12 nm) and observed by electron microscopy. In the young adult worm tissue of 4 weeks after infection with metacercariae, the gold particles were specifically concentrated on the tegumental syncytium and cytoplasm of the tegumental cells as well as the secretory granules in the parenchymal tissue. The antigenic materials in the adult worm tissue were specifically concentrated on the secretory granules in the parenchymal tissue, the cytoplasm between granules in the vitelline gland and the epithelial lamella in the lumen of the caecum.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.28-30
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• 2004

Effect of dietary brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) levels on the performance, nutrients utilization, and blood anti-oxidant system was studied in broiler chicks activated innate immune response. Brown seaweed 2.0 % diet improved performance of broiler chicks and resulted in enhanced feed efficiency due to the increased NB and decreased UAN excretion significantly (P<0.05). Dietary brown seaweed reduced SOD activity in erythrocyte cytosol and enhanced peroxidase activity in plasma significantly(P<0.05). Activation of innate immune response increased SOD activity and peroxide levels in blood. The results indicated that dietary brown seaweed affected SOD and peroxidase activity and the increased performance in birds fed brown seaweed 2.0 % diet related with decreased decomposition of body protein and the change of anti-oxidant systems in blood of broiler chicks during activation of innate immune response.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.51-71
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• 2000

The present experiments were designed to study the influence of WalgookwhanhabBojoongikgitang on immune functions of Balb/c mice under stress condition. WalgookwhanhabBojoongikgitang was orally administered to the mice for 15 days. On the 10th day the mice were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and then subjected to electric footshock for 5 days (2 sessions a day, 11 footshocks a 31 min-session). The immune responses to SRBC were determined by means of hemagglutination and BIT cell populations in the spleen were studied by FACS analysis on the 16th day. The results were as follows. 1. After electric footshock, IDlce became sluggish and crowded to one side of the cage. Increased antibody titer for SRBC, increased B cell population, and decreased T cell population in the spleen were also observed. These results confirm that electric footshock caused stress inducing immunological and behavioral changes in Balblc mice. 2. Walgookwhanhab-Bojoongikgitang administration significantly antagonized the effect of electric footshock on the antibody titer for SRBC. As a result, antibody titers for SRBC in the mice treated with Walgookwhanga-Bojoongikgitang were maintained at the similar levels as those of control group mice even after the electric foots hock. 3. Walgookwhanhab-Bojoongikgitang administration also antagonized the effect of electric footshock on the BIT populations in spleen. As a result, Band T populations in the mice treated with Walgookwhanhab-Bojoongikgitang were maintained at the similar levels as in the control group mice even after the electric footshock. Taken together, Walgookwhanhab-Bojoongikgitang seem to help Balb/c mIce to maintain their humoral immune response and immune cell populations at a normal range under the stress conditions, suggesting its possible therapeutic use as a immune function modulator.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1999

Background: Ineffective cell-mediated immune response in human tuberculosis is associated with a depressed Thl cytokine response and reduced production of IFN-$\gamma$. Most persons infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are healthy tuberculin reactors with protective immunity, but a minority with ineffective immunity develop extensive pulmonary tuberculosis. The cell-mediated immune response is an important aspect of host resistance to mycobacterial infection and is believed to be tightly regulated by a balance between Th1 cytokines including IFN-$\gamma$, IL-12, IL-18, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and Th2 counterparts such as IL-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein-l (MCP-l). Methods: Proliferation and mRNA expression of IFN-$\gamma$, RANTES and MCP-l by RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to in vitro stimulation with mycobacterial antigens were compared in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with cured and treatment failure and in tuberculin-positive and tuberculin-negative healthy subjects. Results: Defective proliferative responsiveness to aqueous TSP antigen was involved with treatment failure tuberculosis patients. Aqueous TSP antigen-induced IFN-$\gamma$ and RANTES mRNA expression was decreased in treatment failure tuberculosis patients compared with healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (23.1 % versus 90.0% for IFN-$\gamma$ and 46.2% versus 70.0% versus 46.2% for RANTES). The frequency of MCP-l mRNA expression to aqueous TSP antigen in treatment failure tuberculosis patients was greater than in healthy tuberculin reactors and cured tuberculosis patients (76.9% versus 40.0%). Conclusion: The increasing expression of MCP-1 mRNA in response to aqueous TSP antigen might be predicted to favor Th1 responses and restricted Th1 responses in treatment failure of pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 1998

Age-related changes in the lens capsule and epithelium of cataractous patients, ranging from 20 to 7o years old, were studied by means or LM, immunohistochemistry, and TEM. The lens capsule was divided into four zones; the anterior, subanterior, middle, and basal zone. The van Gieson staining reaction for collagen was prominent at the anterior and subanterior parts of the lens capsule. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. The collagen type IV reaction was prominent at the anterior zone of the lens capsule and around the cell. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. 3. The Periodic Acid Shiff-Alcian Blue reaction for mucopolysaccharide was prominent at the anterior zone of the lens capsule. The reaction was more decreased in the elder group than the younger group. The Apoptotic reaction was prominent at the nucleus of the lens epithelial cell. In the elder the cataractous group, the number of the apoptotic cells was more decreased. The electron microscopic change of lens epithelial cells were characterized by the increase of lateral fold and the cytoplasm with various vacuoles and Golgi complex. In the basal part, lens epithelial cell protruded toward the lens capsule in the 20-year-old group. The basal part of the 40-year-old group was flattened and covered with the cytoplasmic processes of adjacent cells. In the 60-year-old group, the mass of rough filaments separated lens capsule and the basal part of the lens epithelial cell. The electron microscopic change of the middle part of lens capsule was characterized by the aggregation of electron dense materials in the 40-year-old group, and the appearance of filamentous materials and the decrease of electron dense granules in the 60-year-old group.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.695-701
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• 2003

Purpose : It had been suggested that pain arising from deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within periaqueductal gray(PAG) of midbrain via distinct spinal pathways. Aspirin is one of the popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the management of pain. Fos expression was used as a marker for neuronal activity throughout central neurons following painful peripheral stimulation. This study was prepared to investigate changes of c-Fos immunoreactivity in midbrain by deep pain and effects of aspirin. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.1 mL of 5% formalin in the plantar muscle of the right hindpaw. For experimental group II, aspirin was injected intravenously before injection of formalin. An aspirin-untreated group was utilized as group I. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours after formalin injection. Rat's brains were removed and sliced in rat brain matrix. Brain slices were coronally sectioned at interaural 1.00-1.36 mm. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(VLPAG) and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(DMPAG) were counted and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results : Higher numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were found in VLPAG. In both VLPAG and DMPAG of formalin-treated group, the numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were significantly higher at all time points than the formalin-untreated group, which peaked at two hours. The numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neuron of the aspirin-treated group were less compared to the aspirin-untreated group at each time point. Conclusion : These results provide some basic knowledge in understanding the mechanism of formalin-induced deep somatic pain and the effects of aspirin.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.221-233
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• 2008

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been known to regulate many physiological and pathological processes, especially the glandular secretion and blood flow. However, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) responsible for NO synthesis has not been well studied ultrastructurally in rat salivary gland. The present study was performed to investigate the distribution of nitric Oxide synthase isoforms (endothelial. neuronal, and inducible NOS). Immunoelectron microscopic study, using monoclonal mouse anti-endothelial NOS, anti-neuronal NOS, and anti-inducible NOS, was performed in the salivary gland of rat. Endothelial NOS (eNOS)-positive immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of serous cells of the salivary gland of the rat. Immunoreactivities were well concentrated on serous secretory granules in the serous cells. However, weak eNOS-positive immunoreactivity was observed in the mucous secretory granules of the mucous cells. Positive endothelial NOS (eNOS) immunoreactivities were most prominent in the secretory granules of intralobular ducts. Ductal secretory granules and acinar serous secretory granules have a similar pattern of labeling as eNOS suggestings. Neural NOS (nNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not detected in duct systems or in acinar cells. Inducible NOS (iNOS)-positive immunoreactivity was not seen in acinar and ductal cells. These results reveal the presence of eNOS in the salivary gland of the rat, which may be related with regulation of the glandular secretion and blood flow through the gland.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2022

Mucosal immunity is a well-designed defense system that builds precise and dynamic relationships against pathogens, and the gastrointestinal tract is the most important organ with this system, acting as a guardian at the forefront of its activity. Salmonella spp. cause food poisoning, entering the body orally and mainly invading the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. Although Salmonella strains share similar mechanisms for inducing innate immunity, different serotypes may have different effects on the intestinal mucosa due to host specificities and pathogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Salmonella enteritidis infections in mouse intestine and observed significantly reduced dose-dependent survival rates in a challenge test. Flow cytometry data showed no significant differences in intestinal immune cell populations, although histology indicated increased mucin production and decreased goblet cell counts in the Salmonella-treated groups. Furthermore, Claudin expression was significantly decreased in the samples with Salmonella. To investigate the relationship between S. enteritidis infection and inflammatory response, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was administered after infection and the results indicate lower survival rate after DSS treatment. In conclusion, we were able to identify the optimal concentration of S. enteritidis to modulate the intestinal mucosal immunity of mice and inflammatory response.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.495-502
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• 2004

Intimin, the product of eae gene in EHEC O157:H7, is required for intimate adherence. In this study, the C-terminaI region(281 amino acids) of the EHEC OI57:H7 intimin were expressed as a protein fusion with (His)$_6$ which was used to raise antiserum in rabbits. The antiserum reacted in western blot with a 94kDa outer membrane protein of EHEC O157:H7. It was observed that the antibody titers both in egg yolk and serum appeared in 2${\sim}$4 weeks after immunization with fusion protein. At the time of 8 weeks, the titre of egg yolk was found to be higher than that of sera. According to the results of neutralization test, chicken egg-yolk antibody(lgY) against the recombinant intimin strongly reacted to EHEC O157:H7. We conclude that a truncated recombinant intimin could be used as an immunogen to elicit antibody(lgY) against O157:H7.