• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2007

[ $\underline{Purpose}$ ]: To compare radiation therapy alone to combined modality therapy about survival rate and tolerance of elderly patients ($70=or{\geq}$) with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Between 1998 and 2002, 57 patients given radiation therapy due to NSCLC (Stage III) were analysed retrospectively. Radiation therapy alone (RT), concurrent chemoradiation (CRT), and sequential chemoradiation (SCRT) was done to 33, 16 and 8 patients, respectively. Patients' median age was 74 (range $70{\sim}85$). Male and female are 51 patients and 6 patients, respectively. 23 patients were stage IIIa and 34 were stage IIIb. Patients' characteristic distribution of RT and CRT was not significantly different except mass size that RT has a bigger than CRT. The fraction size of radiation therapy was 1.8 Gy in CRT and $1.8{\sim}3\;Gy$ in other groups. Total radiation dose was $51{\sim}63\;Gy$ according to the fraction size. If the prescribed total radiation dose was successfully irradiated, we stated that it was completion of radiation therapy. $\underline{Results}$: 52 patients were dead. Median period of radiation therapy was as follow: RT, 35 days, CRT, 60.5 days and SCRT, 35 days. Overall median survival time (MST) was 10.1 months. The 1 yr- and 2 yr-overall survival rate was 39.8% and 17.6%, respectively. MST of RT, CRT and SCRT was 8.9, 8.2 and 11.7 months, respectively. The 1 yr survival rate of RT, CRT and SCRT was 38.4%, 37.5% and 50% (not significant). Patients given incomplete radiation therapy were 12 (RT, 5 CRT, 6 SCRT, 1). N stage (p=0.081) and the difference of treatment methods (p=0.079) were the factors affecting incompletion of radiation therapy, but it was not significant. In case of combined-agents chemotherapy, 4 of 8 ceased radiation therapy. T stage ($T{\geq}3$), mass size (${\geq}5\;cm$), Karnofsky performance scale (${\leq}70$) and completion of radiation therapy were the prognostic factors in uni- and multi-variate analysis. $\underline{Conclusion}$: In elderly patients with NSCLC, radiation therapy alone was a treatment method with similar survival period compared with other methods. Generally, patients given radiation therapy alone was tolerable to a treatment. Before planning concurrent chemoirradiation in elderly patients with NSCLC, physicians pay attention to a selection of patients and chemotherapy agents considering general condition and toxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2011

In this study, we extracted a whole polysaccharide fraction from the sea hare, Aplysia kurodai, and screened its functional properties using cell lines. The functionalities of polysaccharide and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were investigated with RAW 264.7 cell lines. The crude polysaccharides and GAG purified DEAE-Sepharose chromatography did not show the toxicity on RAW 264.7 cell line in the range of $10\sim200{\mu}g$/mL, whereas they increased the cell growth rate. The crude polysaccharides and purified GAG also increased the production of NO, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ on RAW 264.7 cell. Particularly, the purified GAG inhibited the proliferation of stomach cancer cell line, AGS, up to 40% for 72 hr incubation, but not the intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cell lines.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.199-207
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• 2003

This review describes the neurophathological mechanisms that are implicated in perinatal brain injury. Perinatal brain injury is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality to infants, often leading to spastic motor deficits, mental retardation, seizures, and learning impairments. The immature brain injury is usually caused by cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, hemorrhage, or infection. The important form of perinatal brain injury is the hypoxic-ischemic injury and the cerebral hemorrhage. The pathology of hypoxic-ischemic injury include delayed energy failure by mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal excitotoxicity and vulnerability of white matter in developing brain. The immature brain has the fragile vascular bed of germinal matrix and can not effectively centralize their circulation. Therefore, the cerebral hemorrhage process is considered to be involved in the periventricular leukomalacia.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.731-737
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• 2000

Objective : Growth factor receptors on the tumor cells are known to be expressed highly allowing the tumor cells to bind growth factors to stimulate cellular division. Immunotoxin therapy is one of the novel approaches to the primary malignant brain tumor, and expression of cell-surface receptor is essential for the immunotoxin to have specific anti-tumor activity. Despite promising cytotoxic activity of immunotoxin, tumor responses are not curative on clinical trials, and additional studies are needed regarding various factors influencing the efficacy of the immunotoxin. The purpose of this study is to detect the expression of various growth factor receptors on brain tumor cell lines which are going to be used in these studies. Materials and Methods : The authors detected transferrin receptor(TR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor(IGF-1R), and interleukin-4 receptor(IL-4R) on medulloblastoma cell line(Daoy) and glioblastoma cell lines(U373 MG and T98 G) by flow cytometric analysis. Results : TR was expressed on Daoy, U373 MG, and T98 G. IGF-1R was expressed on Daoy and U373 MG, but not on T98 G. IL-4R was expressed on all cell lines tested. Conclusion : The transferrin and interleukin-4 receptors might be good targets for immunotoxin therapy. The results should be considered in additional in vitro and in vivo studies regarding immunotoxin and in establishing the proper treatment model of the immunotoxin therapy including selection of the adequate immunotoxin.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.210-214
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• 2010

Purpose : Cisplatin is highly effective for the treatment of solid tumors in children. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited by its ototoxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ototoxicity in children treated with cisplatin. Method : We performed a single institution retrospective analysis of pediatric oncology patients who received cisplatin therapy between January 2001 and January 2008. Thirty-seven patients with sufficient medical and audiologic data were included in this study. Results : The median age at the time of diagnosis was 10.7 (range 3.8-6.7) years. There were 16 males and 21 females. The underlying diseases were osteosarcoma (15 cases), medulloblastoma (14 cases), germ cell tumors (7 cases), and hepatoblastoma (1 case). The median individual dose was $100mg/m^2$/cycle (56-200). The median cumulative dose was $480mg/m^2$ (200-1,490). Sixteen patients (43%) received cranial radiotherapy. Of the 37 patients, 17 developed hearing loss, leading to an overall incidence of 46%. Logistic regression showed that age at treatment (P =0.04) and cumulative dose of cisplatin (P =0.005) were the significant risk factors in predicting hearing loss in children treated with cisplatin. In all the patients who had hearing loss, there was neither improvement nor aggravation during the follow-up (3-8 months). Conclusion : The cumulative dose of cisplatin (>$500mg/m^2$) and younger age at treatment (<12 years) were 2 most important risk factors for ototoxicity in patients treated with cisplatin. Serial audiometric evaluations are needed in the patients with risk factors during and after cisplatin treatment.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2010

항암치료는 현재 암환자의 주요한 치료임에도 불구하고 항암제내성과 같은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 약물내성은 다양한 기전에 의해 발생하는데 수송단백질의 과발현, 비독성화발현, 손상유전자의 복구, 세포사멸신호의 변화, STAT-3와 NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현 등이 포함된다. 암세포는 저산소환경에서 발생하며 일반세포에 비해 무산소해당에 상대적 의존도가 높고 이는 암세포의 성장과 전이를 촉진하는 인자가 된다. 항암제가 효과를 내기 위해서는 산소가 필요한데 저산소환경은 이를 방해하며 또한 유전자의 불안정화로 인해 약물내성이 유도된다. NF-${\kappa}B$는 주요 전사인자 중 하나로서 각종 염증과 암에서 지속적으로 활성화되며 암세포의 변화, 증식, 침윤, 전이에 관여한다. 환경적 스트레스 등과 대부분의 항암약제들이 NF-${\kappa}B$를 활성화시키며 임상적으로도 암환자의 생존과 연관된 중요한 예후인자이다. NF-${\kappa}B$의 발현은 항암제로 인한 암세포의 자멸을 회피하게 만들고 수송단백질을 활성화시켜 항암제내성을 유도한다. 강황, 적포도, 고추, 건칠 등 다양한 천연물에서 NF-${\kappa}B$를 억제시키는 효능이 발견되었으며 이는 항암제내성을 억제시키고 항암제의 효과를 증대시킨다. 저산소환경의 개선과 NF-${\kappa}B$의 억제는 상호연관성을 가지고 있으며 항암제내성의 개선뿐만 아니라 암치료제 개발의 새로운 연구목표가 될 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.690-695
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• 2003

Physiological activities of 40% ethanol extracts of Phellinus ribis were studied by employing several biological and biochemical assays. The extracts of Phellinus ribis displayed nitrate-scavenging activities (NSA) at pH 1.2 as with 64% NSA with 1.0 mg/mL of the extracts. They also had 91% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities at the concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Antioxidant activities of the extracts (at 0.5 mg/mL) on the autoxidation of linoleic acid (p<0.001) were also observed.. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme was 11%. Cytotoxic effects of Phellinus ribis extracts against human cancer cell tines were also examined using MTT assay. The extracts (at 50 mg/mL) had severe growth inhibitory effects on A549, Hela, AGS, and SK-Hep-1, which were 8, 44, 76 and 42%, respectively. Ames test indicated that the extracts had no mutating effects on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.147-152
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• 2000

Various lines of evidence suggest that dietary components protect the initiation of carcinogenesis. In this study, the ethanol extracts (AGE) and the methanol and hexane partition layers (AGEM, AGEH) of the Angelica radix were screened for their cytotoxic effects using the MTT assay on HepG2, HeLa, MCF7 and SW626 cells and for their ability to induce quinone reductase (QR) in HepG2 cells. AGEM and AGEH of the Angelica radix showed the strongest cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and HeLa cells. Cell growth was inhibited by 99.8% and 99.8% on HepG2 cells and 99.3% and 99.4% on HeLa cells, at dose of $100\;\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ of AGEM and AGEH extracts respectively. AGE and AGEH significantly induced QR activities in the HepG2 cells. The QR activities of HepG2 cells grown in the presence of AGE, AGEH, and AGEM at the concentration of $50\;\mu\textrm{g}/mL$ were 313.5, 273.3 and 133.3 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Therefore, based on these studies, Angelica radix may be developed into a potentially useful cancer chemopreventive agent.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.835-846
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• 2016

Chemo-resistance is the biggest issue of effective cancer therapy. ABCG2 is highly correlated with multi-drug resistance, and represent a typical phenotype of multiple cancer stem-like cells. Accumulating evidence recently reported that oncolytic viruses represent a new strategy for multiple aggressive cancers and drug resistant cancers including cancer stem cell-like cells and ABCG2 expressing cells. In this study, we generated an evolutionally engineered vaccinia virus, SLJ-496, for drug-resistant cancer therapy. We first showed that SLJ-496 treatment enhanced tumor affinity using cytopathic effect assay, plaque assay, as well as cell viability assay. Next, we clearly demonstrated that in vitro SLJ-496 treatment represents significant cytotoxic effect in multiple cancers including colorectal cancer cells (HT-29, HCT-116, HCT-8), gastric cancer cells (AGS, NCI-N87, MKN-28), Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SNU-449, SNU-423, SNU-475, HepG2), as well as mesothelioma cell (NCI-H226, NCI-H28, MSTO-221h). Highly ABCG2 expressing HT-29 cells represent cancer stem like phenotype including stem cell marker expression, and self-renewal bioactivities. Interestingly, we demonstrated that in vitro treatment of SLJ-496 showed significant cytotoxicity effect, as well as viral replication capacity in ABCG2 overexpressing cell. In addition, we also demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of SLJ-496 in Adriamycin-resistant cell lines, SNU-620 and ADR-300. Taken together, these findings provide us a pivotal clue that cancer therapy using SLJ-496 vaccinia virus might be new therapeutic strategy to overcome ABCG2 expressing cancer stem-like cell and multiple chemo-resistance cancer cells.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.2189-2198
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• 2014

Paraquat (PQ) is a very effective and widely used herbicide that was commercially introduced in 1962. In this study, instead of using antioxidants like in the past, to inhibit the formation of PQ-induced ROS, we attempted to reduce the oxygen concentration by using non-lethal hypoxia therapy. Therefore, we studied the toxicity of PQ in vivo, analyzed the major effects of ROS on the targeted lung tissue and compared the results with the gross histological changes after the cell protective effect of non-lethal hypoxia therapy. In vivo studies demonstrated that low-concentration oxygen therapy (i.e., 10-12% oxygen) in rats administered with PQ was associated with a higher survival rate than in rats that received only PQ. In vivo non-lethal hypoxia treatment showed better survival and less lung tissue damage. Using a hypoxic/anaerobic incubator with integrated multifaceted molecular analysis, including MDA assay, glutathione assay, and SOD assay, we established an optimal, significantly reduced in vivo non-lethal hypoxia treatment by exploiting the PQ-induced cytotoxicity responses.