• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

수문학적 토양유형은 복잡하게 세분되어 있는 토양의 종류를 수문학적인 목적에 따라 단순화하기 위해 만든 것으로 미농무성 토양보전국에서 고안한 개념이다. 우리나라 토양을 이 방법으로 구분하고자 하는 몇번의 시도가 있으며 그 중 대표적인 것이 정 등(1995)이 분류한 수문학적 토양군이다. 이는 토양의 침투 투수특성에 대한 실측자료가 부족한 우리나라의 실정을 감안하여 토성속(textural family), 배수등급(drainage class), 불투수층(impermeable layer), 투수성(permeability)의 네가지 토양특성을 분류특성으로 하여 각각에 1-4점 범위로 점수를 매긴 후 합산한 점수를 기준으로 수문학적 토양유형을 분류하는 것이다. 최근에는 토양의 한계침투속도에 따라 수문학적 토양유형을 분류하고자 하는 시도가 있으며 본 논문에서는 새로운 방법으로 분류할 때 기존의 방법과 어떠한 차이가 있는지 비교하고자 하였다. 정 등(1995)의 분류방법은 개념상 몇가지 문제점을 안고 있다. 먼저 토양의 수리특성은 같은 토성속이라 하여도 토양생성 과정과 토지이용 방법에 따라 그 차이가 매우 큼에도 불구하고 이에 대해 고려하지 못하였으며 다음으로 지표유거가 많아 배수가 양호한 토양의 강우 유출을 과소평가한다. 또한 얕은 토심에 존재하는 불투수층이 존재하는 경우 토양의 수리특성에 관계없이 적은 양의 강우에도 유출이 발생하므로 별도의 제한인자로 간주하여야 한다. 토양의 한계 침투속도를 이용한 분류방법은 이러한 문제점을 상당 부분 개선할 수 있다. 토양의 한계침투속도를 산정하기 위해 현장에서 지표 한계침투속도와 투수속도를 측정하였으며 이 자료를 확장하여 해석하기 위해 입자특성을 이용한 Pedo Transfer Function을 개발하였다. 토심 50 cm 포화시 토양 투수성을 한계 침투속도로 가정하였으며 50 cm 이내에 암반층과 지하수위가 존재할 경우 투수성에 관계없이 D유형으로 분류하였다. 새로운 방법으로 분류한 결과 기존의 분류와 몇가지 차이점이 발견되었다. 가장 큰 차이는 대부분의 논토양이 느린 한계침투속도의 영향으로 D유형에 속한 것이다. 산림토양과 밭토양은 기존 방법과 마찬가지로 A, B유형이 많았으며 암반층을 고려하기 전에는 기존 분류에 비해 강우 유출 가능성이 적은 쪽으로 평가되었다. 그러나 암반층이 존재하는 토양을 고려한 결과 A 또는 B 유형에 속하던 상당수의 산림토양이 새로운 분류에서 D유형으로 분류되었다. 지표 유거가 많아 배수등급이 매우양호로 분류되던 토양은 정 등(1995)의 분류와 비교하여 대부분 강우 유출 가능성이 큰 쪽으로 조정되었다. 새로운 수문학적 토양유형을 이용할 경우 낮은 토심에서 암반층이 발견되는 산림토양이 분포한 유역이나 산림, 밭 등에 식질 토양이 많이 분포하는 유역에서는 기존의 방법을 이용하는 것보다 강우 유출량이 높게 평가될 것으로 판단된다. 앞으로 강우 유출량 실측자료와의 비교를 통해 지속적인 보정을 하여야 할 것이며 특히 불투수층의 존재시 일괄적으로 D유형으로 분류된 토양의 경우 깊이에 따라 C 또는 D 유형으로 세분하여 조정할 필요가 있다.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.628-636
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• 2009

낭은 상피세포로 싸여있는 병적인 공간으로 내부가 액체나 반액체로 채워져 있다. 악골에서 낭은 다른 골 부위에서보다 더 흔하게 발생하는데 이는 대부분의 낭이 치아 형성 후에 악골에 남아있는 치성잔류물로부터 발생하는 경우가 많기 때문이다. 구강악안면부에서 발생하는 낭은 연조직에서 발생할 수도 있지만 대부분 골내에서 발생하고, 법랑질 상피나 치배와 관련해 악골내에 발생하는 치낭성이다. 치낭성은 WHO분류에서 발생근원에 따라 크게 염증성과 발육성 기원의 두 가지 군으로 분류되고, 발육성 낭은 치성과 비치성으로 세분할 수 있다. 악골에 발생하는 낭은 대부분이 치낭성이며 가장 흔한 악골 낭종은 치근단낭으로 염증성이고, 발육성인 함치성낭과 치성각화낭도 다음으로 발생률이 높은 편이다. 소아환자에서 함치성낭과 치성각화낭의 발병률이 성인보다 더 높았다. 비치성낭 중에서 비구개관낭이 가장 많이 발생하며, 연조직에서 발생하는 낭과 상피세포 경계가 없는 낭성 병소인 가성낭(pseudocyst)은 드물게 관찰된다. WHO에서 치성각화낭과 서회화치성낭은 파괴적 성장을 하고 재발 경향이 높으므로 양성 낭성 종양으로 재분류하고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2000

The achene morphology about 16 taxa of Korean Aster L. sensu lato were investigated to estimate its taxonomic values. The achene shapes were divided into four types; oblanceolate-oblong, obovate, oblong and obovate-oblong. The trichome shape on achene six types; uniseriate-conical, filiform, cylindrical, capitate type, long stalk capitate and globular. Their distributional features on upper part of achene four types; absent, sparse distribution of conical trichome, dense distribution of conical trichome and mixed distribution of conical and capitate trichome. The achene shapes and trichome characteristics were regarded to be a good characters in delimiting taxa because these did not differ among individuals in same taxa, but differ among the taxa. If Korean Aster L. sensu late were divided into Kalimeris, Heteropappus, Aster, Cymnaster, the capitate forms and mixed distribution of conical and capitate trichome were recognized as the good characters in delimting above section such as genus Kalimeris and Heteropappus, section Pseudocalimeris of Aster L. sensu stricto.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.3 s.107
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation of the Mt. Naeyeon with phytosociological analysis of ZM school and to explain ordination of communities with CCA. The research sites were located between the northern part of Pohang-si area and the southern part of Yeongdeok-gun area. The 70 plots consisted of 253 species were investigated. The forest vegetation was classified into Quercus mongolica community, Q. variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Carpinus laxiflora community and Zelkova serrata community. Q. mongolica community was divided into 2 groups such as Rhododendron schlippenbachii group and Euonymus oxyphyllus group and Q. variabilis community was divided into 3 groups such as Syneilesis palmata group, Lespedeza$\times$tomentilia group and Tilia mandshurica group, and Z. serrata community was divided into 2 groups such as Carpinus cordata group and Diospyros lotus group. According to the results of CCA ordination, Q. mongolica community showed high positive correlation to altitude and topography, whereas it showed negative correlation to bare rock. But Z. serrata community showed the opposite tendency to Q. mongolica community, Altitude was considered as the most important factor among 5 environmental variables in the correlation with axes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.310-322
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• 2000

The objectives of this study were to classify the types of vegetation in Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands. The study sites were located at Sokwang-Ri, Mt. Chungok(1,276m), Uljin, Mt. Kumma(1,017m) and Mt. Eungbong(1,267m). Two hundred thirty releves were classified and explained by phytosociological analysis(the method of ZM schools), and the results were summarized as follows. Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands were classified into Vaccinium koreanum community, Rhododendron micranthum community, Quercus dentata community, Acer pseudosieboldianum community, and Typical community. Quercus dentata community was divided into Festuca ovina group, Robinia pseudoacacia group, and Typical group, and Acer pseudosieboldianum community was divided into Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata group, Disporum smilacinum group, Magnolia sieboldii group, Carpinus laxiflora group, and Typical group, and Typical community was divided into Melampyrum roseum group and Typical group. And some groups were divided into 7 subgroups. Therefore, Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands had total of 16 vegetation units, out of those units, Vaccinium koreanum community distributed all over the studied areas. While Rhododendron micranthum community distributed mainly at Sokwang-Ri and Mt. Chungok. Therefore it was considered to be useful indicator in determining the range of afforestation and natural distribution of Pius densiflora for. erecta stands. The classified vegetation units were investigated by using of coincidence method. The results indicated that Quercus dentata community distributed mainly below 100 meters at the sea level, while other communities distributed above 350 meters at the sea level. According to the correlations between vegetation units and topography, Vaccinium koreanum and Rhododendron micranthum communities distributed mainly above middle slope areas, Quercus dentata community distributed mainly from lower slope to upper slope areas, Acer pseudosieboldianum community distributed mainly between valley and lower slope areas, and Typical community distributed mainly above upper slope areas. According to the correlations between vegetation units and 5 study areas, Quercus dentata community was distributed in the region of Uljin, and other communities were evenly distributed over other studied areas. According to the correlations between the units and aspects, all communities occurred all aspects, but most of the communities tended to be more distributed at south slopes than at north slopes, which meant that the relic stands of Pinus densiflora for. erecta were remained largely as patch phase status at south slopes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.393-404
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• 2023

The Natural Monument Forest (NMF) is a form of natural and cultural heritage that has symbolized the harmony between nature and culture in Korea for a long time. Recently, the NMF has deteriorated due to industrialization and reckless city expansion. Given this situation, it is necessary to preserve and manage the ecosystem of the NMF through preferential research regarding the forest community structure. Accordingly, this study sought to identify the community structure by analyzing the vegetation classification, stratum structure,and species diversity using vegetation data collected from the Forest of Japanese Torreyas in Pyeongdae-ri, Jeju and the Subtropical Forest of Nabeup-ri, Jeju. The results classified the forest vegetation as a Litsea japonica community group divided into two communities: a Torreya nuciferacommunity and a Quercus glauca community. The T. nuciferacommunity was subdivided into the Idesia polycarpa group and Dryopteris erythrosora group, while the Q. glauca community was subdivided into the Mercurialis leiocarpa group and Arachniodes aristata group. The T. nucifera species showed the highest level of importance in vegetation units 1 (Litsea japonicacommunity group-Torreya nucifera community-Idesia polycarpa group) and 2 (Litsea japonica community group-Torreya nucifera community-Dryopteris erythrosora group), whereas Q. glauca showed the highest level of importance in vegetation units 3 (Litsea japonica community group-Quercus glauca community-Mercurialis leiocarpa group) and 4 (Litsea japonica community group-Quercus glauca community-Arachniodes aristata group). In terms of the species diversity, vegetation units 1, 2, 3, and 4 had 2.866, 2.716, 2.222, and 2.326 species, respectively. These findings suggest that it is necessary to prepare a differentiated management plan for each vegetation unit.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2014

The study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure of Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forests located in Jochimryeong to Shinbaeryeong of the Baekdudaegan mountain range. The survey for 50 plots was conducted from April 2012 to August 2013 in the permanent plots ($100m{\times}100m$) using phytosociological analysis. As a result, the vegetations were classified into five vegetation units. In species composition, they were classified into Q. mongolica community group divided into 2 community such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla community and Carpinus cordata community, F. rhynchophylla community was subdivided Pinus densiflor group (into Euonymus sachalinensis subgroup, Vitis coignetiae subgroup) and Juglans mandshurica group. C. cordata community was subdivided Acer komarovii group and Betula ermanii group. In terms of importance value, P. densiflora and Q. mongolica were more than 20% respectively. P. densiflora was found to have the highest relative coverage. Analysis of interspecific association showed four types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table. Based on the diameter class distribution, P. densiflora forest presented a normal distribution pattern except for other species which showed a reverse Jshaped distribution pattern, therefore P. densiflora forest would likely be replaced by Q. mongolica forests. While in Q. mongolica forest, diameter class distribution of all species population presented a reverse J-shaped distribution pattern, therefore Q. mongolica forest could likely remain in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to characterize the forest vegetation and site of Tongdaesan(Odaesan National Park) for ecological forest management. The deciduous forests of Tongdaesan are the result of cool, temperate climate. Direction and slope morphology contribute to differences in species composition and vegetaion structure. Based on the BRAUN-BLANQUET-approach, 242 releves were recorded and subsequently classified. The vegetation could be divided into two forest community groups, seven forest communities, and several groups. South exposed, dry slopes were covered with forests of the Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community group. Differential species included grasses and sedges, e.g., Calamagrostis langsdorfii, Carex humilis and C. lanceolata. Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community group could be subdivided into Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum community, Lespedeza${\times}$tomentella community, Carex humilis-Maackia amurensis community, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum typical community and Pimpinella brachycarpa community. Carex humilis-Maackia amurensis community was divided into Galium kinuta subcommunity and typical subcommunity. Pimpinella brachycarpa community was divided into Vicia venosa var. cuspidata subcommunity and typical subcommunity. On north exposed, more humid and moist sites, forests of the Dryopteris crassirhizoma-Cornus controversa community group were found. This group was subdivided into Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes-Acer tegmentosum community and Deutzia glabrata-Ulmus laciniata community. Deutzia glabrata-Ulmus laciniata community was divided into Acer tegmentosum subcommunity, Saxifraga punctata subcommunity and typical subcommunity.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.535-546
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• 2020

Land cover maps are derived from satellite and aerial images by the Ministry of Environment for the entire Korea since 1998. Even with their wide application in many sectors, their usage in research community is limited. The main reason for this is the map compilation cycle varies too much over the different regions. The situation requires us a new and quicker methodology for generating land cover maps. This study was conducted to automatically generate land cover map using aerial ortho-images and Landsat 8 satellite images. The input aerial and Landsat 8 image data were trained by Residual U-Net, one of the deep learning-based segmentation techniques. Study was carried out by dividing three groups. First and second group include part of level-II (medium) categories and third uses group level-III (large) classification category defined in land cover map. In the first group, the results using all 7 classes showed 86.6 % of classification accuracy The other two groups, which include level-II class, showed 71 % of classification accuracy. Based on the results of the study, the deep learning-based research for generating automatic level-III classification was presented.