• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2020

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) for mood symptoms, pain, and somatic symptoms in elderly depression patients with pain and somatic symptoms. Methods : This study is a prospective open-label study conducted by a single institution. A total of 43 subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder under the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria participated in this study (average age: 72.53, 58.1% women). The subjects were classified as SSRI and SNRI groups. Depressive symptoms, pain, and somatic symptoms were evaluated by Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and Patient Health Questionnare-15 (PHQ-15) respectively at baseline and six weeks later. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to analyze changes in the KHDRS, VAS, and PHQ-15 scores. Results : In the SSRI and SNRI groups, K-HDRS, VAS, and PHQ-15 all showed significant improvement after 6 weeks compared to each baseline values. There were no differences in therapeutic effect between the two groups. Conclusions : We found that SSRI and SNRI both improved somatic symptoms and pain in elderly depression patients. The results of this study are thought to help select antidepressants when administering medication to elderly depression patients who complain pain and somatic symptoms. Further research is needed on the longterm effects of the SSRI and SNRI.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2021

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare bleeding tendency of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) using platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods : This study is a prospective open-label study conducted by a single institution. A total of 41 subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder under the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria participated in this study. The subjects were classified into SSRI (escitalopram) groups and SNRI (duloxetine) groups, respectively, according to random assignments. The closure time (CT) was measured using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) before each antidepressant was administered and after 6 weeks. Paired-sample t-test was conducted within each group to determine whether a specific antidepressant had an effect on closure time. In order to confirm the relative change in platelet function between the two groups, an independent sample t-test was conducted to compare and analyze the change in closure time between the two groups. Results : There was no significant changes in closure time (CEPI-CT, CADP-CT) before and 6 weeks after drug administration in the SSRI and SNRI groups, and there was no difference in the amount of changes in closure time between the two groups. Conclusions : Our results showed no difference in bleeding tendency between SSRI and SNRI. This study suggests that further large-scale studies on bleeding tendency for various antidepressants are needed in the future.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.168-178
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• 1997

The serotonin has been known to play important roles in pathology of the mood disorders. We summerize the evidences of serotonin in pathology of the mood disroders in a view of neuroanatomical and neurochemical aspects. Nowaday, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) may be practically the first line of antidepressants with traditional tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs). Authors review the role of serotonin in the treatment of the mood disorders, in a view of the general considerations in selecting antidepressants, pharmacology, therapeutic indications, side effects, doses of medication, drug-discontinuation syndrome, drug-to-drug interactions, and special therapeutic situations.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 1995

In comparison with tricyclic antidepressants(TCAs), one of the most interesting characteristics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) is its structural differences, reveals different pharmacological properties. The applications at the moment are most effective in clinical applications to depression. The limited result of the research to date on the various applications of SSRIs has not revealed the total potential and applicability of SSRIs. Therefore, attending physicians utilizing SSRIs do not know the full capabilities of the drug on patients and what the patients may reap in terms of benefit from its curing elements. Physicians must first try to understand the full potential of SSRIs and its potential applications for it to be effective on patients. recently, it has been determined that SSRIs and other drugs when administered together may be more effective in the healing process because SSRIs complements and aids in the enhancement and effect of the other drugs. This article is written to give attention to the reader of the pharmacological properties and the clinical use of SSRIs. It is the authors's hope that continuous research on the particular aspects of SSRIs can aid the clinicians in the use of this SSRIs.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-32
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• 2014

Objectives: The aim of current study is to evaluate the relationship between sleep, suicide and serotonin using some scales and loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials (LDAEP). Methods: Total 65 patients who met the criteria for major depressive disorder were enrolled in current study. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to their insomnia and a history of suicide attempts. The auditory event-related potentials were measured to evaluate LDAEP before beginning antidepressants. Results: The scores of total Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and BDI item 9 (suicide) were higher in insomnia subgroup than non-insomnia subgroup (respectively, p=0.0033 and p=0.03). However, LDAEP did not differ each other. The subgroup with a history of suicide attempts had a higher score of BDI item 9 than the subgroup without a history of suicide attempts (p=0.00012). There was a tendency for the LDAEP to be higher in the subgroup with a history of suicide attempts ($1.39{\pm}0.94{\mu}V$) than the sub-group without a history of suicide attempts ($1.05{\pm}0.75{\mu}V$), although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.078). Conclusion: Suicidality was related to insomnia. In addition, there was a tendency for serotonin activity to be lower in the subgroup with a history of suicide attempts. In future, more studies are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2008

Antidepressants, in particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are one of the most commonly used classes of psychotropic drugs for treating children and adolescents. The US Food and Drug Administration has issued a black box warning concerning the increased risks of suicidal ideation and behavior associated with antidepressant treatment in children and adolescents. The aim of this review is to assess the risks and benefits of antidepressants in the treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.266-272
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• 1997

We examine the clinical efficacies of fluoxetine in treating the children with selective mutism. In an 8-week open-label clinical study, 17 children with selective mutism are received 20-60mg/day of fluoxetine. Our results reveal that 13 subjects(76%) of 17 subjects improve statistically in within subjects comparison of pre- and post-treatment changes in the scores of Clinical Global Impression scale for mutism, Children’s Depression Inventory scale, and Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. These data suggest that selective serotonergic antidepressants may be effective in treating selective mutism in children and adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2013

Pathological laughing and crying(PLC) is a condition that is characterized by episodic, brief, contextually inappropriate, uncontrollable outbursts of laughing and/or crying. It can be observed in patients with various neurological disorders. PLC often causes distress in interpersonal functioning and activities for patients and their families. PLC can be recognized easily with proper understanding of the condition and its nature. Also it generally shows good response to various pharmacological treatments. This review aims to encourage the diagnosis and treatment of PLC by providing definition and clinical presentation of PLC, analysis of its pathophysiology and various current treatment options.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2125-2132
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• 2012

Fluoxetine and tianeptine are commonly used as antidepressants (AD), and haloperidol and risperidone are widely used as antipsychotic drugs (APD), and it modulates various ion channels. TREK2 channel subfamily is very similar to physiological properties of TREK1 channel which can play important roles in the pathophysiology of mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, therefore, the pharmacological effect of psychiatric and depression drug on TREK2 channel may be similar to those of TREK1. Using the excised inside-out patch-clamp technique, we have examined the effects of APD and AD on cloned TREK2 channel expressed CHO cells. Fluoxetine (selective serotonin release inhibitor, SSRI) inhibited the TREK2 channel in a concentration-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$ $13{\mu}M$), whereas selective serotonin reuptake enhancer (SSRE) tianeptine increased without reducing the TREK2 channel activity. Haloperidol also inhibited the TREK2 channel in a concentration-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$ $44{\mu}M$), whereas even higher concentration ($100{\mu}M$) of risperidone did not completely inhibit on the activity. This study showed that TREK2 channel was preferentially blocked by fluoxetine rather than tianeptine, and inhibited by haloperidol rather than risperidone, suggesting differential effect of TREK2 channels by APD and AD may contribute to some mechanism of adverse side effects.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2013

Case of ischemic colitis after enema for bowel cleansing have been rarely reported, but there has been no case report of a patient on modiefied fasting therapy. A 26-year old male patient with obesity admitted Korean medical hospital of Kyung Hee university for losing weight. He is on a special diet called modiefied fasting therapy, only took the fermented herbal drink. At 2nd day, he received an enema for bowel cleansing. A few hours after enema, he had a bloody diarrhea with lower abdominal pain. His colonoscopic and histologic findings presented ischemic colitis. He was advised to fast for two days and couldn't complete his diet program. We suggest 4 possible reasons : Increased intraluminal pressure by enema, vascular spasm caused by room-temperature glycerin solution colder than intraluminal temperature, predisposition to bleeding disturbances by taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI) for depression history and mucosal injury by osmotic effect of glycerin solution itself. For reducing the risk of bowel cleansing, glycerin enema should be carefully prescribed and practiced concerning the condition of each patient.