• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2010

Purpose : The increased survival of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit recently has resulted in an increased frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), especially with atypical forms. However, there have been few studies compairing classic and atypical BPD. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between these two types of BPD. Methods : Infants with a gestational age less than 32 weeks born at the Seoul National University Hospital and Bundang Seoul National University Hospital from May 2004 to April 2007 were included. The data were categorized in 2 groups, classic and atypical BPD. We determined the incidence of BPD, and compared perinatal factors and postnatal managements between two groups. Results : Among 260 study subjects, 141 (54.2%) infants had BPD. Classic BPD infants were 64 and atypical BPD infants were 77. Comparison of differences between 2 groups, classic BPD infants were associated with respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, intrauterine growth restriction, more high-frequency ventilator (HFV) use, low 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores. Atypical BPD infants were associated with antenatal steroid use, maternal premature rupture of membrane and chorioamnionitis (CAM). In multivariate analysis, more HFV use was associated with classic BPD. Antenatal steroid use, clinical CAM and histological CAM were associated with atypical BPD. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that antenatal factors (antenatal steroid use, clinical CAM, histological CAM) were associated with atypical BPD and postnatal factors (HFV used more) were associated with classic BPD. Further studies are needed for prevention and treatment of BPD.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.489-494
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• 2020

A total of 101 samples of convenience baby food products were analyzed by microwave digestion and mineral nutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). By type, the samples included 44 rice porridges, 40 soft-boiled rices, 11 purees, and 6 powders. The mean values for iron (Fe) content were 0.05 to 0.45 mg/100 g (excepted powder type, mg/l0 g). This was equivalent to 22.35% for rice porridge, 10.55% for soft-boiled rice, 9.88% for puree and 2.74% for powder type compared to the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans), respectively. The mean values for zinc (Zn) was 0.06 to 0.28 mg/100 g (excepted powder type, mg/l0 g) and the KDRI ratio was the lowest at 5.94% in puree, with 27.76%, 28.95% and 10.91% in rice porridge, soft-boiled rice and powder type, respectively. Calcium (Ca) content relative to KDRIs was relatively low compared to other minerals, with 6.65% for rice porridge, 3.61% for soft-boiled rice, 6.24% for puree and 3.07% for powder type, respectively. The magnesium (Mg) content of baby food ranged from 13.4% to 39.0% compared to KDRIs, and was included in all baby food as a whole. For balanced nutritional mineral supply to infants, it is recommended that information on mineral sources and ingredients in convenience baby food be clearly provided to ensure proper growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1 s.110
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• pp.83-94
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• 2005

The objective of the study was to elucidate early life history of Rhinogobius brunneus, based on laboratory observations and field works, along with its courtship and spawning behaviors. The male and female fish matured were sampled for the lab experiments from Gap-Stream, which is one of the tributaries of Geum-River, Korea. The spawning behaviors and courtship of matured adults had a typical pattern; matured males of Rhinogobius brunneus built up spawning nests and had their own territory before the spawning, and the behavior then triggered the egg spawning of female with active courtship. The females attached elliptic egg mass as a single layer, on the stones below the spawning nest. After the spawning, the egg mass was guarded by males only until the hatching. The size of egg fertilized, measured by microscope was about 1.5${\pm}$0.1mm in length and 0.7${\pm}$0.1 mm in the egg's width. According to the lab experiments conducted under four temperature regime, the lapsed time for the hatching was shortened as temperatures increased in the treatments. On the contrary to the hatching time, the average length of newly hatched larvae showed a reverse relation with water temperature. The larvae, considered a final stage of the early life history was about 3.6 mm in total length for water temperature of $18^{\circ}C$, whereas they were between 3.1 mm and 3.2 mm for over $25^{\circ}C$. This indicates that higher water temperature may decrease the growth rate in the early life history. These results may provide valuable information for the population conservation and ecosystem protection under accelerated water pollution and habitat degradations in Korea.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 2002

For the purpose of evaluating the biocompatability of 3 kinds of metallic materials frequently used in pediatric dentistry (stainless steel crown, orthodontic band, orthodontic wire), cellular and molecular studies, including cell growth and proliferation, screening of cell death with determination of types whether necrosis or apoptosis and changes in expressions of related signaling molecules were examined, using cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), HGF-1 was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. among which the 3rd to 6th generations of HGF-1 were used. The specimen were divided into stainless steel crown (R), band (B) and wire (W). The immunocytochemical study was done for the detection of anti-PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) labeling. With extracted protein, western blot was done for the detection of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, using individual antibodies. Cultured cells proliferated, remarkably till 7 day and slightly at 11 day. There was no statistical significance in the counts of proliferating HGF-1 between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). Relative growth rates were no statistically significant difference between control and experimental groups (p>0.05). PCNA labeling indexes showing similar patterns in control and experimental groups. The expressions of ERK1 and ERK2, p38 were similar in control and experimental groups. The expression of JNK increased at 1st day, slightly decreased at 4th day and markedly increased at 7th and 11 day. Although the patterns of control and experimental groups were similar, the increased expressions of JNK at late period suggest a possible stress due to inhibited cell growth and proliferation, and worse culture condition. Conclusively, the 3 kinds of metal specimens used in this study did not induce cellular and molecular hazards during short term culture of HGF-1. But, for the better clinical stability, the establishment of long period culture and animal experiment was thought necessary.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.169-179
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to discriminate clinically and radiographically among the three groups of dentigerous cysts studied. First, Group I, involved area of dentigerous cyst was successive permanent tooth area beneath deciduous tooth. Second, Group II, involved permanent molar area, and the last, Group III involved maxillary anterior supernumerary tooth area. The author observed and compared the clinico-radiographic features of 49 cases of Group I, 36 cases of Group II, and 15 cases of Group III of dentigerous cyst and this observation and comparison had been done by based on the charts and panoramic films. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The cases of Group I were 29 cases and, those of Group II were 36 and those of Group III were 15. 2. The incidence of dentigerous cyst is high in first decade. In Group I, before first decade and early first decade was 87.8%, in Group II and Group III, was discovered more lately. 3. The frequency of dentigerous cyst is 2.5 times higher in male than in female. 4. The sequence of chief complaint was swelling(50%), routine examination(32%), and pain(9%). 5. When considering the type of the cyst, lateral type is many most in Group I (71.4%) and central type is many most in Group II (94.4%) and Group III (100%). 6. The most size of dentigerous cyst was 2 crown size in Group I, 1 crown size in Group II, above of 4 crown size in Group III. 7. Almost involved teeth showed displacement and some tooth of displaced teeth showed delayed root development and dilaceration of root. 8. The most many response of alveolar bone was buccal bone expansion in Group I (67.3%), no bone expansion in Group II(66.7%) and palatal bone expansion in Group III (60.0%). 9. The percentage of involved teeth were as follows : The mandibular third molar was 31% and many most. The mandibular second premolar was 30%. Mesiodens of maxillary anterior area was 15%. The maxillary canine was 8%. The mandibular first premolar was 5%. 10. In the Group I, causes suggesting of dentigeous cyst are pulpotomized deciduous tooth(59.2%), severe dental caries of deciduous tooth, untreated traumatic history on the deciduous tooth etc. 11. The treatment method of dentigerous was marsupialization in 61.2% of cases of Group I and that was enucleation in 61.1% of cases of Group II and in 80.0% of cases of Group III.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.209-217
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• 2002

There have been many studies on the application of the reciprocal advantages of multimodality image to define accurate target volume in the Process of radiation treatment planning. For the proper use of the multimodality images, the registration works between different modality images should be performed in advance. In this study, we selected chamfer matching method and mutual information method as most popular methods in recent image registration studies considering the registration accuracy and clinical practicality. And the two registration methods were analyzed to deduce the optimal registration method according to the characteristics of images. Lung phantom of which multimodality images could be acquired was fabricated and CT, MRI and SPECT images of the phantom were used in this study. We developed the registration program which can perform the two registration methods properly and analyzed the registration results which were produced by the developed program in many different images' conditions. Although the overall accuracy of the registration in both chamfer matching method and mutual information method was acceptable, the registration errors in SPECT images which had lower resolution and in degraded images of which data were removed in some part were increased when chamfer matching method was applied. Especially in the case of degraded reference image, chamfer matching methods produce relatively large errors compared with mutual information method. Mutual information method can be estimated as more robust registration method than chamfer matching method in this study because it did not need the prerequisite works, the extraction of accurate contour points, and it produced more accurate registration results consistently regardless of the images' characteristics. The analysis of the registration methods in this study can be expected to provide useful information to the utilization of multimodality images in delineating target volume for radiation treatment planning and in many other clinical applications.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of surgery and chemoradiotherapy for supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNET) and obtain the Prognostic factors and complications Materials and Methods .The a9e of 18 patients ranged from 1 to 27 years (median=5 years). There were 12 males and 6 females The extents of surgery were gross total (n:9), subtotal (n:8), biopsy only (n: 1). Craniospinal radiotherapy was delivered to all the patients except 2 patients who were treated only with the whole brain and primary lesion. Radiation dose were 3120-5800cGy (median=5460) to primary mass, 1500-4200cGy (median=3600cGy) to the whole brain and 1320-3600cGy (median= 2400 cGy) to the spinal axis. Chemotherapy was done in 13 patients. Median follow-up period was 45 months ranged from 1 to 89 months. Results : Patterns of failure were as follows; local recurrence (1), multiple intracranial recurrence (2), spinal seeding (3), craniospinal seeding (2) and multiple bone metastasis (1). Two of two patients who did not received craniospinal radiotherapy failed at spinal area. All the relapsed cases died at 1 to 13 months after diagnosis of progression. The 2- and 5-rear overall survival rates were $61\%\;and\;49\%$, respectively The a9e, sex, tumor location did not influence the survival but aggressive resection with combined chemotherapy showed better outcome. Among 9 survivors, complications were detected as radiation necrosis (n=1), hypopituitarism (n=2), cognitive defect(n=1), memory deficit (n=1), growth retardation (n=1). Conclusion : To improve the results of treatment of SPNET, maximal surgical resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy is necessary. The extended radiation field including craniospinal axis may reduce the recurrence in spinal axis.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.87-91
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence and patterns of fractures occurred in Inline skating accident. Materials and Method: We evaluated 20 patients, 20 cases(from september 2002 to August 2003) with fractures occurred during Inline skating. The incidence, sex, age, fracture site, associated injuries, causes of Inline skating injuries were analysed. The cases were male in 18(90$\%$), and female in 2(10$\%$). The most common distribution of age was in twenties and thirties. Result: The patients(12cases 60$\%$) with upper extremity fracture were more common than patients(8cases 40$\%$) with lower extremity fracture. Patients who had fracture in ankle were 35$\%$(7cases), forearm 20$\%$(4cases), wrist 20$\%$(4cases), elbow 15$\%$(3cases), thigh 5$\%$(1cases). According to the The Lauge-Hansen classification in ankle fractures there were four patients of supination-external rotation type, two patients of supination-abduction type, and 1 patient of pronation-external rotation type. In forearm and hand fractures, there were three distal radius fractures, one radio-ulnar shaft fracture, 2 scaphoid fractures, and two meta-carpal fractures. In elbow fractures, there were two supracondyle fractures, and one lateral condyle fracture. There were three epiphyseal plate injuries (Salt-Harris type II) in children, and all of them were treated by conservative method. Six fractures were intra-articular fractures. The most common associated injury was contusion(8cases 42.1$\%$). The number of patients who only rode Inline skating less than 3months(8cases 40$\%$) was the greatest. The number of non-contact injury(14cases, 70$\%$) in Inline skating was more than contact(6cases,30$\%$) injury. 11cases(55$\%$) had operative treatment, and 9cases(45$\%$) had conservative treatment, and there was not any complication. The more detailed study is required since the materials were only limited to fracture patients, and the follow up period was short. Conclusion: The most common age for fracture in Inline skating was in twenties, and thirties, and ankle was the most common fracture site.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.131-150
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to observe the spread pattern of open source software (OSS) while establishing relations with surrounding actors during its operation period. In order to investigate the change pattern of participants in the OSS, we use a netnography on the basis of online data, which can trace the change patterns of the OSS depending on the passage of time. For this, the cases of three OSSs (e.g. jQuery, MooTools, and YUI), which are JavaScript frameworks, were compared, and the corresponding data were collected from the open application programming interface (API) of GitHub as well as blog and web searches. This research utilizes the translation process of the actor-network theory to categorize the stages of the change patterns on the OSS translation process. In the project commencement stage, we identified the type of three different OSS-related actors and defined associated relationships among them. The period, when a master commences a project at first, is refined through the course for the maintenance of source codes with persons concerned (i.e. project growth stage). Thereafter, the period when the users have gone through the observation and learning period by being exposed to promotion activities and codes usage respectively, and becoming to active participants, is regarded as the 'leap of participants' stage. Our results emphasize the importance of promotion processes in participants' selection of the OSS for participation and confirm the crowding-out effect that the rapid speed of OSS development retarded the emergence of participants.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2011

The scaling properties on the length distribution of microcrack populations from Tertiary crystalline tuff are investigated. From the distribution charts showing length range with 15 directional angles and five groups(I~V), a systematic variation appears in the mean length with microcrack orientation. The distribution charts are distinguished by the bilaterally symmetrical pattern to nearly N-S direction. The whole domain of the length-cumulative frequency diagram for microcrack populations can be divided into three sections in terms of phases of the distribution of related curves. Especially, the linear middle section of each diagram of five groups represents a power-law distribution. The frequency ratio of linear middle sections of five groups ranges from 46.6% to 67.8%. Meanwhile, the slope of linear middle section of each group shows the order: group V($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}E$, -2.02) > group IV($N20{\sim}60^{\circ}E$, -1.55) > group I($N60{\sim}90^{\circ}W$, -1.48), group II($N10{\sim}60^{\circ}W$, -1.48) > group III($N10^{\circ}W{\sim}N20^{\circ}E$, -1.06). Five sub-populations(five groups) that closely follow the power-law length distribution show a wide range in exponents( -1.06 - -2.02). These differences in exponent among live groups emphasizes the importance of orientation effect. In addition, breaks in slope in the lower parts of the related curves represent the abrupt development of longer lengths, which is reflected in the decrease in the power-law exponent. Especially, such a distribution pattern can be seen from the diagram with $N10{\sim}20^{\circ}E,\;N10{\sim}20^{\circ}W$ and $N60{\sim}70^{\circ}W$ directional angles. These three directional angles correspond with main directions of faults developed around the study area. The distribution chart showing the individual characteristics of the length-cumulative frequency diagrams for 15 directional angles were made. By arraying above diagrams according to the categories of three groups(A, B and C), the differences in length-frequency distributions among these groups can be easily derived. The distribution chart illustrates the importance of analysing microcrack sets separately. From the related chart, the occurrence frequency of shorter microcracks shows the order: group A > group B > group C. These three types of distribution patterns could reveal important information on the processes occurred during microcrack growth.